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‚R)ƒƒVƒ“ƒgƒ“‘åsi‰^“®(March on
Washington Movement, MOWM)Œ‹¬
‚±‚Ìs–½—ß‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄÝ—§‚³‚ꂽFEPC‚ªŒÙ—p·•Ê¥³‚ÉŽg—p‚µ‚½Žè’i‚ÍA(‚P)·•ÊŠµs‚Ì’âŽ~–½—ß‚Ì”•zA(‚Q)Œö’®‰ï‚ðŠJµA·•Ê“I˜J“sˆ×‚Ì’âŽ~‚É‚Þ‚¯‚½¢˜_‚ðì‚èo‚·A‚Ì‚Q“_‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½B‚»‚±‚ÅAFEPC‚ÍA1941”N10ŒŽ‚̃ƒTƒ“ƒ[ƒ‹ƒX”çØ‚è‚ÉAƒjƒ…[ƒˆ[ƒNAƒZƒ“ƒgƒ‹ƒCƒXAƒVƒJƒS‚È‚Ç‚ÌŠe’n‚ÅŒö’®‰ï‚ðŠJ·‚é‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚邪A”’l—«‚̘J“ŽQ‰Á‚ª‚©‚‚ĂȂ¢‹K–Í‚Åis‚·‚éˆê•û‚ÅA•l‚̌ٗp‚Í’xX‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‘‰Á‚µ‚È‚©‚Á‚½B‚»‚ê‚É‚àŠÖ‚í‚炸AFEPC‚ÍA·•ÊŠµs’âŽ~–½—ß‚Æ‚¢‚¤‹§—Í‚ðsŽg‚·‚é‚æ‚è‚àAŒö’®‰ï‚É‚æ‚éà“¾Žè’i‚Ì•û‚ð‚ ‚‚Ü‚Å‚à—D悵‚Ä‚¢‚Á‚½B‚»‚ÌŒ‹‰ÊAFEPC‚ªŠˆ“®‚ðŠJŽn‚µ‚Ä‚Q”N‚ªŒo‰ß‚µ‚½ ‚Ì펞˜J“‹Ç(War Manpower Commission)‚Ì’²‚ׂɂæ‚é‚ÆA1943”N‚VŒŽ‚Ü‚Å‚Ì‚P”NŠÔ‚ÉAŒRŽùŠÖ˜AŽY‹Æ‚Ì‘SŒÙ—plŒû‚Éè‚ß‚é•l‚ÌŠ„‡‚Í18.2“‚©‚ç15.9%‚Ö‚ÆA‹t‚ÉŒ¸ŒXŒü‚ðŽ¦‚·‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚Á‚Ä‚µ‚Ü‚Á‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB[29]@
Œö’®‰ï‚Æ‚¢‚¤AƒpƒuƒŠƒVƒeƒB‚É‚æ‚éà“¾Žè’i‚É—Š‚éê‡A“Á‚É–â‘è‚É‚È‚é‚Ì‚ªA•lŒÙ—p‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚é”’l˜J“ŽÒ‚Ì“®Œü‚Å‚ ‚낤Bˆ«•]‚ªL‚܂邱‚Æ‚ðD‚Ü‚È‚¢ŒÙ—pŽÒ‘¤‚ƘJ“‘g‡‚Ì—˜ŠQ‚Æ‚ªˆê’v‚µ‚½ê‡‚É‚ÍAŒö’®‰ï‚ð’Ê‚¶‚Ă̌ٗp·•Ê“P”p‚Í‚È‚©‚炸¬‰Ê‚ð‚ ‚°‚½‚Í‚¸‚Å‚ ‚éB‚»‚±‚Å‘gD˜J“‚̑Ήž‚ðŒ©‚Ä‚Ý‚é‚ÆA‰Á–¿‘g‡‚É•l˜J“ŽÒ‚𑽔•ø‚¦‚Ä‚¢‚½ŽY‹Æ•Ê‘gD‰ï‹c(Congress of Industrial Organization)‚Å‚ÍAlŽí·•Ê‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚é’²¸‚ðs‚¤ˆÏˆõ‰ï‚ðÝ’u‚·‚é‚È‚ÇA•lŒÙ—p‚ÉDˆÓ“I‚ÈA‚à‚µ‚‚Í·•Ê‚É”½‘΂·‚銴‚È‚©‚炸‘¶Ý‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½B‚µ‚©‚µAlŽí·•Ê“I‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚©‚Ë‚Ä‚æ‚è”á”»‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚½ƒAƒƒŠƒJ˜J“‘“¯–¿(American Federation of Labor)‚Å‚ÍA”’l‚É‘g‡ˆõŽ‘Ši‚ðŒÀ’肵‚Ä‚¢‚é‘g‡‚Ì’Ç•ú‚ð‹‚߂銈àuƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒtŒˆ‹cv‚ªA‘g‡ˆõŽ‘Ši‚Ì”»’f‚͉Á–¿‘g‡‚ÌŽ©Ž¡–â‘è‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ——R‚Ŕیˆ‚³‚ꑱ‚¯‚Ä‚¢‚é‚É‚ ‚Á‚½B[30]@‚‚܂è‘gD˜J“‚ÌŽp¨‚Í‚æ‚Œ¾‚Á‚ÄžB–†‚Å‚ ‚èA‚±‚ÌžB–†‚³‚É—Š‚ç‚´‚é‚𓾂Ȃ¢Žè’i‚Å‚ÍA•l‚̌ٗp‚𑣂·‚Ì‚É–¾‚ç‚©‚ÈŒÀŠE‚ª‚ ‚Á‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB[31]@
‚±‚̂悤‚È’†Aƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ÍABSCP‚ª‘®‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Æ‚Æ‚à‚ÉAlŽí·•Ê“IE”\•Ê‘g‡‚Ì‘¶Ý‚ň«–¼‚‚¢“S“¹ŽY‹Æ–â‘è‚̌ٗp·•Ê–â‘è‚ÉŽæ‚è‘g‚ÝŽn‚ßA•ln—ûH‚̌ٗp‘£i‚ð–Ú“I‚É•l‹@ŠÖŽm‘gD‰»Žb’èˆÏˆõ‰ï‚ðŒ‹¬‚µAFEPCŒö’®‰ï‚ÉŒü‚¯ØŒ¾EØ‹’‚Ì€”õ‚ði‚ß‚Ä‚¢‚½B[32]@‚Æ‚±‚낪A‚±‚Ì“S“¹ŽY‹Æ‚̌ٗp·•Ê‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚éŒö’®‰ï‚ª[“ì•”ƒAƒ‰ƒoƒ}B‚ÌH‹Æ“sŽsƒo[ƒ~ƒ“ƒOƒnƒ€‚ÅŠJ³‚ê‚é‚â”Û‚âA“ì•”og‚Ì‹cˆõ‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄŒö’®‰ï’†Ž~‚ð‹‚߂鎡“Iˆ³—Í‚ªsŽg‚³‚êA˜A–M‹c‰ï‚Ì“ì•”–¯Žå“}ˆõ‚ð—£”½‚³‚¹‚邱‚Æ‚Åd—v‚È펞—§–@‚ÌR‹c‚ª‘؂邱‚Æ‚ð‹°‚ê‚½ƒ[ƒYƒ”ƒFƒ‹ƒgŒ ‚ÌŽ¡“I”»’f‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄAŒö’®‰ï‚Ì’†Ž~‚Æ–³Šú‰„Šú‚ªŒˆ’肳‚ê‚Ä‚µ‚Ü‚Á‚½B[33]@‚³‚ç‚ÉAÝ—§“–‰‚Í‘å“—Ì’¼‘®‚Ì‹@ŠÖ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä“Æ—§‚µ‚½’nˆÊ‚ð‹Žó‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½FEPC‚ÍA1942”N‚WŒŽA펞¶ŽY‹Ç(War Production Board)‚̉º•”‘gD‚É•ÏX‚³‚êAFEPC‚ªíŒã‚àŒp‘±‚µ‚Ä‘¶Ý‚·‚邽‚ß‚É‚ÍV‚½‚Ès–½—ß‚à‚µ‚‚Í—§–@‘[’u‚ª•K—v‚Æ‚È‚Á‚½B펞‚䂦‚Ì—ÕŽž‘[’u‚Å‚ ‚éFEPC‚Ì—Í‚Í‹É‚ß‚ÄŽã‘̉»‚·‚邱‚Æ‚É‚È‚Á‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB[34]@“–‘R‚Ì‚±‚Æ‚È‚ª‚çFEPC‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚锽Š´‚Í“ì•”‚Å“Á‚É‹‚A–k•”‚ł͌ٗp·•Ê‚ÌŽÀ‘Ô‚ÌŒö•\‚ªˆ«•]‚É‚È‚é‚̂ɑ΂µA“ì•”‚Å‚ÍA‚©‚‚ĂȂ¢‹K–Í‚Å—«‚ÌŽY‹Æ˜J“ŽÒ‚ª‘‰Á‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é’†A•l‚ÆEê‚ð‹¤‚É‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ªuˆÙlŽíŠÔŒ‹¥v‚̂悤‚È«“IˆÃŽ¦‚ðŠÜ‚Þ‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚èA•l‚ðŒÙ—p‚·‚邱‚ÆŽ©‘Ì‚ªŽY‹Æ‚É‚Æ‚Á‚Ä‚Íuˆ«•]v‚É‚È‚é‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½B[35]@
‚±‚̂悤‚È“®‚«‚ɑ΂µƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ÍAsi‚Í’†Ž~‚Å‚Í‚È‚‰„Šú‚Å‚ ‚é‚ÆŽå’£As–½—ߊl“¾‚ÌÅ‘å‚Ì—Í‚Æ‚È‚Á‚½‘åO“Iˆ³—Í‚ðÄ“xŒ`¬‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ð–Ú“I‚ÉAMOWC‚ðŠî‘b‚Æ‚µ‚ăƒVƒ“ƒgƒ“si‰^“®(March on Washington Movement, MOWM)‚ðV‚½‚É‘gD‚µA1942”N‰Ä‚É‘S•ÄŠe“sŽs‚Å‘å‹K–Í‚ÈW‰ï‚ðŠJµ‚Ä‚¢‚Á‚½B‚»‚Ì’†‚̈ê‚ÂA‚UŒŽ‚Ƀjƒ…[ƒˆ[ƒN‚ÅŠJ³‚ꂽW‰ï‚Å‚ÍA˜J“ŽÒŠK‹‰‚Ì•l‚ð’†S‚É18,000l‚ÌŽQ‰ÁŽÒ‚ðW‚߂邱‚ƂɬŒ÷‚·‚éB[36]@‚³‚ç‚ÉA1942”N–– ‚©‚çA”Þ‚ÍAuŒ›–@‚ð…Žç‚µAlŽíŠu—£‚ð”pŽ~‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ÅAƒ€ƒbƒ\ƒŠ[ƒjAƒqƒgƒ‰[A—Tm‚É‘Å‚¿Ÿ‚Æ‚¤v‚ÆŒ¾‚¤ƒXƒ[ƒKƒ“‚̉º‚Åu‰ä‚àƒAƒƒŠƒJl‚È‚è"I am American, Too"W‰ïv‚ðŠJ·‚邱‚Æ‚ð’ñ¥‚µŽn‚ß‚éB[37]@1941”Nt‚Ƃ͈قȂéŽÀÛ‚Ì펞‰º‚É‚ ‚Á‚ÄAƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚̈¤‘“IR‹c‚Ì’²Žq‚ÍA푈‚ðŽxŽ‚·‚邱‚Æ‚É“–‚½‚Á‚Ä‚æ‚è–¾Šm‚ÉA‚»‚µ‚ÄŒƒ‚µ‚‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚Á‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éBƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ªthe black leader‚ƌĂ΂ê‚邱‚Æ‚É‚È‚Á‚½‚Í‚±‚Ì ‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½B
‚±‚ê‚ç‚ÌŽå’£Es“®‚©‚çA•l‚̉^“®‚ªA펞‚Ì‚Ì’†‚ÅAu–¯ŽåŽå‹`v‚Æ‚¢‚¤Žå‹`EŒ´‘¥‚ÌŽÀŒ»‚𔗂铹‹`“I’²Žq‚ð‘Ñ‚ÑŽn‚ß‚Ä‚«‚½‚Ì‚ð”F‚߂邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚éBŒ¾‚í‚ÎAŒÙ—p‚Æ‚¢‚¤ŒoÏ–â‘è‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ä•{‚És“®‚𑣂·‚½‚ß‚ÉA‚ªŽg‚í‚êŽn‚ß‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éBŒoÏ“I–â‘è‚ð’¼Ú“I‚É’Ç‹‚¹‚´‚é‚𓾂Ȃ©‚Á‚½‘å‹°QŠú‚Ì‚ð‘z‹N‚·‚é‚È‚ç‚ÎA‚©‚©‚é•l‚Ì‘¤‚̕ω»‚Í‘æ‚QŽŸ¢ŠE‘å펞‚É‚¨‚¯‚é•Ï‰»‚Æ‚µ‚Ä“Á•M‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚悤B‚»‚µ‚ÄA‚±‚̈¤‘“IR‹c‰^“®‚ÍAƒjƒ…[ƒfƒB[ƒ‹ˆÈŒã‚̶Šˆ‚Ì”‘¤–Ê‚Ì‘gD‰»‚ªi‚ñ‚¾ƒAƒƒŠƒJ‚É‚ ‚Á‚ÄA•l‚ªƒCƒjƒVƒAƒeƒBƒ”‚ðˆ¬‚é‰^“®‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‘gD“I‚É“WŠJ‚³‚ꂽ‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB‚±‚±‚ÉMOWM‚É“Á—L‚ÌŽj“IˆÓ‹`‚ª‚ ‚éB
‚S)1943”N‚Ì“sŽs–\“®‚ÆŒö–¯Œ ˜A‡‚Ì\’z
u‰ä‚ç‚àƒAƒƒŠƒJl‚È‚èW‰ïv‚ð¬Œ÷‚³‚¹‚Ĩ‚¢‚Éæ‚Á‚½ƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ÍA1942”N‚XŒŽAMOWMô‰ï‹c(policy conference)‚ÌŠJÂðŒÄ‚Ñ‚©‚¯‚½B‚±‚̉ï‹c‚Ì–Ú“I‚ÍA•l‚ÌŽ©•“w—Í‚ð‘£i‚·‚邽‚ß‚ÉMOWM‚ւ̉Á–¿Ž‘Ši‚ð•l‚Ì‚Ý‚ÉŒÀ’è‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ÆANAACP‚È‚Ç‚ð‹zŽû‡•¹‚µ‚½Œ`‚ÅV‚½‚È“Æ—§‘gD‚ðŒ‹¬‚·‚邱‚Æ‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½B[38]@‚Æ‚±‚낪ANUL‚âNAACP‚ÍA˜A‡‘gD‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½MOWCA‚»‚µ‚Ä‘½‚‚ÌŽQ‰ÁŽÒ‚ðW‚ß‚Ä‚¢‚½MOWMŽåÂ̑åOW‰ï‚Ö‚ÍÏ‹É“I‚É‹¦—Í‚µ‚½‚à‚Ì‚ÌA‚±‚ÌŽž‚̃‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚Ì’ñˆÄ‚É‚Í‹‚”½”‚µAŒ‹‹ÇAô‰ï‹c‚Ö‚ÌŽQ‰Á‚ð‹‘”Û‚·‚邱‚Æ‚É‚È‚Á‚½B[39]@펞‚Å‚ ‚낤‚Æ‚àA•lƒRƒ~ƒ…ƒjƒeƒB‚Æ‚¢‚¤ŒÀ’肳‚ꂽê‚ÅŽxŽ‚𑈂¤‘gD“I‹£‡ŠÖŒW‚Í‚â‚͂葶݂µAMOWCŒ‹¬“–Žž‚Ì•lŽw“±‘w‚̘A‘Ñ‚ÍÁ‚¦Ž¸‚¹‚Ä‚¢‚Á‚½B‚»‚µ‚ÄA‘gDŠÔ‚Ì“G‘ΓI‹£‘ˆ‚©‚犑ނµ‚½ƒiƒVƒ‡ƒiƒ‹EƒjƒOƒEƒRƒ“ƒOƒŒƒX(National Negro Congress)‚ÌŒoˆÜ‚ðŒJ‚è•Ô‚·‚©‚̂悤‚ÉAMOWM‚ÌŽÀÛ‚Ìg‘gD‰»h‚Æ‚È‚é‚ÆANAACPANUL‚Ì”½”‚Ì’†‚ÅA1942”N‚Ì’† ‚©‚ç’â‘Øó‹µ‚ðŽ¦‚µA‰^“®Ž‘‹à‚·‚çŒÍŠ‰‚·‚é‚悤‚É‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚Á‚½B[40]@
y•\‚Pz |
|
|
|
Yes |
No |
ƒVƒJƒS |
58 |
41 |
ƒVƒ“ƒVƒiƒeƒB |
40 |
60 |
ƒƒVƒ“ƒgƒ“‚cE‚b |
28 |
71 |
ƒfƒgƒƒCƒg |
60 |
35 |
ƒjƒ…[ƒˆ[ƒN |
51 |
46 |
ƒtƒBƒ‰ƒfƒ‹ƒtƒBƒA |
42 |
54 |
ƒZƒ“ƒgƒ‹ƒCƒX |
65 |
28 |
ƒeƒLƒTƒXB |
30 |
68 |
ƒeƒlƒV[B |
31 |
65 |
ƒTƒEƒXEƒJƒƒ‰ƒCƒiB |
40 |
57 |
ƒm[ƒXEƒJƒƒ‰ƒCƒiB |
27 |
70 |
ƒsƒbƒcƒo[ƒO |
46 |
52 |
ƒAƒgƒ‰ƒ“ƒ^ |
20 |
75 |
ƒtƒƒŠƒ_B |
38 |
60 |
ƒ‹ƒCƒWƒAƒiB |
35 |
60 |
ƒƒTƒ“ƒ[ƒ‹ƒX |
54 |
44 |
ƒIƒnƒCƒIB |
46 |
51 |
“ì•”‘S‘Ì |
39.4 |
55.2 |
–k•”‘S‘Ì |
44.5 |
51.3 |
’j« |
41.3 |
54.2 |
—« |
44.2 |
51.7 |
‘Œv |
41.8 |
53.1 |
‚Æ‚±‚낪A•l”’c‘Ì‚Ì‘«•À‚Ý‚Ì—‚ê‚ÆŽÀÛ‚Ì‘gD‰»‚Ì’â‘Ø‚©‚çAMOWM—¬‚ÌgƒAƒWƒe[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“h‚É‚ÍŽxŽ‚ªW‚Ü‚ç‚È‚©‚Á‚½‚Æ”»’f‚·‚邱‚Æ‚Í‘Œv‚Å‚ ‚낤B—Ⴆ‚ÎAŠô“x‚Æ‚È‚Žñ“s‚Å‚ÌsiŽÀs‚ðŽå’£‚µ‘±‚¯‚Ä‚¢‚½MOWM‚ÉŠÖ‚µACourier‚ªs‚Á‚½usi‚ÌŽÀs‚ÍŽÀ—˜‚ɂ‚Ȃª‚é‚©v‚Æ‚¢‚¤•l¢˜_‚Ì’²¸‚Í•\‚P‚̂悤‚ÈŒ‹‰Ê‚ðŽ¦‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB[41]@‚±‚±‚Å’–Ú‚³‚ê‚é‚Ì‚ÍA ƒVƒJƒS‚âƒjƒ…[ƒˆ[ƒNAƒƒTƒ“ƒ[ƒ‹ƒXAƒZƒ“ƒgƒ‹ƒCƒX‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½AFEPC‚ª‘å‚«‚ÈŒö’®‰ï‚ðŠJµ‚½“sŽs‚É‚¨‚¢‚ÄAusiv‚Ö‚Ì”äŠr“I‚‚¢ŽxŽ—¦‚ªŒ©‚ç‚ê‚é“_‚Å‚ ‚éB‚±‚ê‚ç‚ÍAŽÀ‘Ô‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Ì‘gD‰»‚ª’â‘Ø‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é’†‚É‚ ‚ê‚Ç‚àAFEPC‚𞌎q‚ÉŒ»ó‚Ì‘Å”j‚ð–ÚŽw‚·MOWM‚Ì퓬“I‚ȃAƒWƒe[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“‚ɑ΂µAöÝ“I‚ÈŽxŽ‚ª‘¶Ý‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½‚±‚Æ‚ðŽ¦‚·‚Æl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚悤B
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[1] Herbert Garfinkel, When Negroes March: The March on Washington Movement in the Organizational Politics (New York: Athenaeum, 1969), p.188; Jervis Anderson, A. Randolph: A Biographical Portrait (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), p.246-248. Garfinkel‚Ì’˜ì‚ÍAƒƒVƒ“ƒgƒ“si‚ÌŽ¡“I‘¤–ÊA•{‚Æ‚ÌŒð‰ߒö‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚éA‚±‚ê‚Ü‚Å’˜‚³‚ꂽŒ¤‹†‚Ì’†‚ÅÅ‚àÚׂȂà‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚邪AƒƒVƒ“ƒgƒ“si‰^“®‚Ì„ˆÚ‚Ì‚Ý‚ðÅ“_‚Æ‚µ‚½‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚èA–{e‚ªŒã”¼‚ňµ‚¤•l’c‘Ì‘ŠŒÝ‚ÌŠÖŒW‚â”’l‚Æ‚ÌŠÖŒW‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ä‚Í‚Ù‚Æ‚ñ‚ÇG‚ê‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢B
[2] Herbert
Hill, Black Labor and the American Legal
System: Race, Work, and the Law (Madison: University of Wisconsin
Press, 1985), p.144.
[3] New York Times, June 26, 1941; Garfinkel, When Negroes March, p.189.‚È‚¨New York Times ‚Ì‹LŽ–‚ÍA‚±‚Ìs–½—ß‚Ì”wŒã‚É‚ ‚é•l‚̉^“®E“w—Í‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ă͉½‚àŒ¾‹y‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢B
[4] Ùeu•lŽv’ª‚̕ω»‚ÆŒö–¯Œ ˜A‡‚Ì\’z(‚P)„Ÿ„Ÿ‘å‹°Q‚Æ‚`EƒtƒBƒŠƒbƒvEƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚Ì“oêvw’nˆæ•¶‰»Œ¤‹†x‘æ10†(1995”N12ŒŽ): 51-75•ÅB
[5] Chicago
Defender, "Randolph Tells
Technique of Civil Disobedience," June 26, 1943; March on Washington
Movement, Press Release, December 30, 1942, A. Philip Randolph Papers
(hereafter cited as APRP), Box 26, Library of Congress; A. Philip Randolph,
MOWM Press Release, January 29, 1943, APRP, Box 26.@‚Ü‚½ƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚Ì‚©‚©‚é“_‚É’…–Ú‚µA”Þ‚ðuŒö–¯Œ ‰^“®‚Ìæ‹ìŽÒv‚ƈʒu‚¯A1950”N‘ã‚©‚ç1960”N‘ã‚̉^“®‚ð’†S‚É•ªÍ‚µ‚½Œ¤‹†‚͈ȉº‚ðŽQÆBPaula F. Pfeffer, A. Philip Randolph: Pioneer of the Civil
Rights Movement (Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 1990).
[6] ‚±‚̂悤‚ÈŒö–¯Œ ‰^“®”á”»‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍA“Á‚É‚»‚ÌŒã‚Ì‹c˜_‚ÉÅ‚à‰e‹¿—Í‚Ì‚ ‚Á‚½‚à‚Ì‚Æ‚µ‚ĉ^“®“–Ž–ŽÒ‚̈ȉº‚Ì‹LŽ–‚ðŽQÆBBayard Rustin, "From Protest to Politics: The Future of the Civil Rights Movement," Commentary 39 (February, 1965): 25-31. ‚³‚ç‚É‚ÍAŽÐ‰ïŠw“IŒ©’n‚©‚ç‚̃Qƒbƒg[Œ¤‹†‚É‚à“¯—l‚ÈŽw“E‚ªŒ©‚ç‚ê‚éB“Á‚ɉe‹¿—Í‚Ì‹‚©‚Á‚½Œ¤‹†‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAˆÈ‰º‚ðŽQÆBWilliam Julius Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), pp.125-126.
[7] Ùeu•lŽv’ª‚̕ω»‚ÆŒö–¯Œ ˜A‡‚Ì\’z(‚P)„Ÿ„Ÿ‘å‹°Q‚Æ‚`EƒtƒBƒŠƒbƒvEƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚Ì“oêvw’nˆæ•¶‰»Œ¤‹†x‘æ10†(1995”N12ŒŽ)A52-54•ÅB
[8] Thomas Sancton, "Something
Happened to the Negro," New Republic
108 (February 8, 1943), p.177; Horace Mann Bond, "Should the Negro Care
Who Win the War?" Annals of the
American Academy of Political and
Social Science 223 (September, 1942): 81-84; Walter White, "What the
Negro Thinks of the Army," Annals of
the American Academy of Political and Social Science 223 (September, 1942):
67-71.
[9] Minutes of the Meeting of the
Board of Directors, November 11, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Papers, Part 1: Meetings of the Board of Directors, Records of Annul
Conferences, Major Speeches, and Special Reports, 1909-1950 (hereafter cited as
NAACPP), ed., Mark Fox (Frederick, Md.: Microfilm Project of University Publication of America,
1983), Reel 2;
Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors, July 8, 1934, NAACPP, Reel 2.
ƒAƒƒŠƒJ‹¤ŽY“}‚ªƒn[ƒŒƒ€’n‹æ‚©‚çŽs‰ï‹cˆõ‚ð“–‘I‚³‚¹‚邱‚Ƃɂ‚Ȃª‚Á‚½‚Ì‚ÍAƒGƒ`ƒIƒsƒANUR‹c‰^“®‚ðˆê‚‚̌_‹@‚Æ‚·‚鋤ŽY“}‚Ì•lƒRƒ~ƒ…ƒjƒeƒBZ“§‚ªŒ´ˆö‚Æ‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éBÚׂ͈ȉº‚ðŽQÆBMark Naison, Communists in Harlem during the Depression
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), pp.155-158.
[10] W. E. B. Du Bois, "Close
Ranks, " Crisis 16 (July 1918);
Mark Ellis, "'Closing Ranks' and 'Seeking Honors': W. E. B. Du Bois in
World War I," Journal of American
History 79 (June, 1992): 96-124; William Jordan, "The Damnable
Dilemma": African-American Accommodation and Protest during Word War
I," Journal of American History
81 (March, 1995): 1562-1583.
[11] ‚È‚¨Aƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚Í‘æ‚PŽŸ¢ŠE‘åí‚ðU‚è•Ô‚Á‚ÄŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÉŒê‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB
u•lŽw“±ŽÒ‚½‚¿‚Íæ‚Ì‘åí‚ÅA•½“™‚ÈŒö–¯Œ ‚Ì—v‹‚ð‘Ó‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤w[‚ÈxŠÔˆá‚¢‚ð”Æ‚µ‚½BŽ„‚½‚¿‚Í‚Q“x‚ÆÄ‚Ñ“¯‚¶‰ß‚¿‚͔Ƃ·‚Ü‚¢‚ƈӂðŒÅ‚ß‚Ä‚¢‚évB
Associated Negro Press, Press Release, June 29, 1942, Claude A. Barnette Papers, Box 279, Chicago Historical Society.
[12] Garfinkel, When Negroes March, p.187.
[13] Chicago Defender, October 11, 1941
[14] Walter White, A Man Called White: The Autobiography of
Walter White (New York: Viking, 1948), p. 186; Pfeffer, A. Randolph, p.46; Garfinkel, When Negroes March, p.187.
[15] Ùeu•lŽv’ª‚̕ω»‚ÆŒö–¯Œ ˜A‡‚Ì\’z(1)v54-58•ÅB
[16] Robert P. Patterson, Under
Secretary of War, to Eleanor Roosevelt, June 13, 1941, Papers of Eleanor
Roosevelt, 1933-1945, eds., Anne Firor Scott and William H. Chafe (Frederick,
Md.: Microfilm
Project of University
Publication of America, 1986), Reel 15; Lester B. Granger, "Barriers to
Negro War Employment," Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science 223 (September, 1942),
pp.75-76; Garfinkel, When Negroes March,
p.187.
[17] PM, May 7, 1941, President of North American Aviation, as quoted in
Hill, Black Labor and the American Legal
System, p.177.
[18] Ùeu•lŽv’ª‚̕ω»‚ÆŒö–¯Œ ˜A‡‚Ì\’z(1)v58-63•ÅB
[19] "Let's March on Capital 10,000 Strong, Urges Leader of Porters," Amsterdam News, January 25, 1941, clippings in Claude A. Barnette Papers, Box 279; Negro March on Washington Committee, "Call to Negro America, 'To March On Washington For Jobs And Equal Participation in National Defense,'" 1941, unpaged, APRP, Box 25.
[20] Negro March on Washington Committee, "Call to Negro America."@‚±‚̂悤‚ȃ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚Ì‘åOŽuŒü‚ÍA”ނ̈ȑO‚ÌŠˆ“®‚Ƌɂ߂ĈêŠÑ«‚ª‹‚¢‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éBNNC‘å‰ï‚ł̔ނ̎Ÿ‚Ì”Œ¾‚Æ”äŠr‚¹‚æB
uƒpƒ[‚Ì‚Ý‚ªô‚ðˆø‚«o‚·‚±‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚éBƒpƒ[‚Æ‚ÍA‘gD‰»‚³‚ꂽ‘åOA–¾Šm‚È–Ú“I‚É‚æ‚Á‚ĘA‘Ñ‚µ‚½‘åO‚Ì‚Ý‚ªŽ‚Âs“®Œ´‘¥‚Å‚ ‚évB
A. Philip Randolph, "A. Philip Randolph tells
'Why I Would Not Stand for Reelection as President of the National Negro
Congress'," American Federationist
47 (July, 1940), p.24.
[21] Ùeu•lŽv’ª‚̕ω»‚ÆŒö–¯Œ ˜A‡‚Ì\’z(1)v58-63•ÅB
[22] ‚È‚¨AƒAƒƒŠƒJŽÐ‰ï“}ˆõ‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½ƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ÍA‘æ‚QŽŸ¢ŠE‘åíŽQ픽‘΂̗§ê‚ð‚Æ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½ƒAƒƒŠƒJŽÐ‰ï“}‚Ì•ûj‚É”½‘΂µA‚±‚ê‚ðŒ_‹@‚Ɉꎞ“I‚Å‚Í‚ ‚邪ŽÐ‰ï“}‚ð’E“}‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éBPfeffer, A. Philip Randolph, p.119.@‚Ü‚½A‘æ‚PŽŸ¢ŠE‘åí‚Ìۂ̔ނÍAŽÀÛ‚ÉŽQ픽‘Ή^“®‚É]Ž–‚µ‚Ä‘ß•ß‚³‚êA펞’³•ñ‹@ŠÖ‚©‚çŠÄŽ‹‰º‚É‚¨‚©‚ꂽŒoŒ±‚ðŽ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚±‚Ì‚±‚Æ‚ð‘z‹N‚·‚é‚È‚ç‚ÎA‘æ‚QŽŸ¢ŠE‘å킪A‚Æ‚è‚킯‚ă‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚É‚Æ‚Á‚Ä‘å‚«‚È“]‹@‚É‚È‚Á‚½‚±‚Æ‚ð‰M‚¢’m‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚éBƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚Ì‘æ‚PŽŸ¢ŠE‘å픽튈“®‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ă͈ȉº‚ðŽQÆBTheodore Kornweibel, Jr., No Crystal Stair: Black Life and the Messenger, 1917-1923 (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1975), pp.21-35.
[23] Negro March on Washington
Committee, "Call to Negro America,"; Pfeffer, A. Randolph, p.68; Philip S. Foner, Organized
Labor and Black Worker, 1619-1981 (New York: International Publishers,
enlarged 2nd ed., 1981), p.240; Garfinkel, When Negroes
March, p.59. ƒvƒ‹ƒ}ƒ“Eƒ|[ƒ^[’B‚ÍAŽdŽ–‚ª‚çˆê”Ê‚Ì•l‚æ‚è‚àŠˆ“®—̈悪L‚A‘S•ÄŠe’n‚ÌŠe’n‚Ì•lŽÐ‰ï‚Éî•ñ‚ð“`”d‚·‚é–ðŠ„‚ð‰Ê‚½‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½B‚³‚ç‚É‚Í‚Ü‚½Aƒvƒ‹ƒ}ƒ“ŽÐ‚Æ‚¢‚¤“–Žž‚̃AƒƒŠƒJ‚ð‘ã•\‚·‚é“S“¹‰ïŽÐ‚Ɍٗp‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é”Þ‚ç‚ÍA˜J“ŽÒ‚Æå«‚àA”’l‚ÆŠr‚ׂé‚Æ‹É’[‚ɘJ“ŽÒŠK‹‰‚̔䗦‚ª‚‚¢•lƒRƒ~ƒ…ƒjƒeƒB“à‚É‚¨‚¢‚Ä‚Í‚Þ‚µ‚ë’†ŽYŠK‹‰“I‘¶Ý‚Å‚ ‚èA‘½‚‚Ì•lƒRƒ~ƒ…ƒjƒeƒB‚ŃŠ[ƒ_[ƒVƒbƒv‚ð’S‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½Bƒvƒ‹ƒ}ƒ“Eƒ|[ƒ^[‚ª‰Ê‚½‚µ‚½uƒƒfƒBƒAv‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Ì–ðŠ„A‚È‚ç‚тɃRƒ~ƒ…ƒjƒeƒBEƒŠ[ƒ_[‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Ì–ðŠ„‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍAˆÈ‰º‚ðŽQÆBE. D. Nixon interview, in Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great
Depression, ed. Studs Terkel (Pantheon Books, 1970), pp.117-122; St. Clair Drake
and Horace H. Cayton, Black Metropolis: A
Study of Negro Life in a Northern City (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1945), pp.235-236.
[24] Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors, June 9, 1941,
June 26, 1941, NAACPP, Reel 9.
[25] Eleanor Roosevelt to A. Philip
Randolph, June 10, 1941, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Reel 15; A. Philip
Randolph to Eleanor Roosevelt, June 5, 1941, Papers of Eleanor Roosevelt, Reel
15.
[26] March on Washington Committee,
"Call to Negro America."
[27] Scott A. Sandage, "A
Marble House Divided: the Lincoln Memorial, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Politics
of Memory, 1939-1963," Journal of
American History 80 (June, 1993), pp.153-159.
[28] New York Times, June 26, 1941; Associated Negro Press, Press
Release, July 17, 1941, Claude A. Barnette Papers, Box 279.
[29] Garfinkel, When Negroes March, p.187-189; War Manpower Commission,
Developments in the Employment of Negroes in War Industries, War Manpower
Report," War Manpower Commission Records, RG 211, Series 115, Box 793,
National Archives.
[30] New York Times, October 14, October 15, 1942; Granger,
"Barriers to Negro War Employment," p.79; Foner, Organized Labor and Black Worker, pp.249-250, p.256.
[31] ˜J“‘g‡‚ª•l‚̌ٗp‚É’ïR‚µAFEPC‚ÌŠˆ“®‚ÌáŠV‚É‚È‚Á‚½Ž–—á‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ă͈ȉº‚ðŽQÆBHerbert Hill, Black Labor and the American Legal System, pp.274-334.
[32] Harold A. Stevens to Milton P.
Webster, February 25, 1942, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Papers
(hereafter cited as BSCPP), Box 7, Chicago Historical Society; Pfeffer, A. Randolph, p.93.
[33] John Beecher, "8802
Blues," New Republic 108
(February 22, 1943), p.249; "Jim Crow Bloc," New Republic 108 (February 22, 1943), pp.240-241.
[34] New York Times, August 18, 1942
[35] Wilbur J, Cash, The Mind of the South (New York:
Vintage, 1941), chapter 3.
[36] New York Times, June 13, 1942: Associated Negro Press, Press
Release, June 29, 1942, Claude A. Barnette Papers, Box 279; George F. McCray,
Associated Negro Press, Press Release, June 29, 1942, Claude A. Barnette
Papers, Box 279; Pfeffer, A. Randolph,
p.51; Garfinkel, When Negroes March,
p.94.
[37] The March on Washington
Movement, Press Release, December 9, 1942, APRP, Box 26; A. Philip Randolph,
the March on Washington Movement, Press Release, December 24, 1942, APRP, Box
26. @‚È‚¨A‰^“®‚̃^ƒCƒgƒ‹‚ÍA•l‚ªW’c‚Æ‚µ‚ÄlŽí·•Ê‚Ì”íŠQ‚ðŽó‚¯‚Ä‚¢‚邱‚Æ‚ð‹’²‚µAŽQ‰ÁŽÒ‚ª‚æ‚èW’c‚Æ‚µ‚Ă̈ӎ¯‚ðŽ‚‚±‚Ƃ𑣂·‚悤‚ÉAŽåŒê‚Í"I"‚©‚ç"We"‚Ö‚Æ•ÏX‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚Á‚½BWilliam
Y. Bell, Jr., Executive Secretary of Atlanta Urban League to A. Philip
Randolph, January 14, 1943, APRP, Box 24.
[38] Plans for Permanent Organization of March on Washington Committee, APRP, Box 26; Constitution of the March on Washington Movement, Article V gMembership,h APRP, Box 26.
[39] Lester B. Granger to A. Philip
Randolph, September 1, 1942, APRP, Box 24; Minutes of the Meeting of the Board
of Directors, September 14, 1941, NAACPP, Reel 3.
[40] Charles Wesley Barton, Regional
Director of MOWM, to A. Philip Randolph, June 11, 1942, APRP, Box 24. NAACPANUL‚Ì—£”½‚à‘Š˜Ö‚Á‚ÄAMOWM‚Ì’†Šj‚Æ‚È‚Á‚½‚Ì‚ÍBSCP‚Å‚ ‚èAMOWM‚Ì—\ŽZ‚ÌÔŽš•ª‚ÍBSCP‚ª•â“U‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½BGarfinkel, When Negroes March, p.85.@‚Ü‚½ABSCP‚ÌMOWM‚ɑ΂·‚é‘S–Ê“IŽxŽAMOWMW‰ï‚Ì€”õŽx‰‡‚ɂ‚¢‚Ă͈ȉº‚ðŽQÆBMinutes of Business Meeting of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
Chicago Division, May 29, 1942; June 23, 1942, BSCPP, Box 7; Theodore Brown to
A. Philip Randolph, July 17, 1943, APRP, Box 25; A. Philip Randolph to Milton
P. Webster, June 17, 1942, APRP, Box 25; A. Philip Randolph to Bennie Smith,
October 15, 1942, APRP, Box 25; Bennie Smith to A. Philip Randolph, October 2,
1942, APRP, Box 25.@‚±‚ê‚ç‚Ì’†‚ÅABSCP‚ÌŠ²•”‚Å‚à‚ ‚éBennie
Smith‚ÆTheodore Brown ‚̎莆‚ÍAMOWM‚ÌŒ¨‘‚«‚ðŽg‚¢‚‚‚àABSCP‚̃Œƒ^[ƒwƒbƒh‚Å‘‚©‚ê‚Ä‚¨‚èAMOWM‚É‚¨‚¯‚éBSCP‚Ì“Ëo‚µ‚½–ðŠ„‚Ì‚Ý‚È‚ç‚¸A‘gD“I¬—‚ð‚à‰M‚킹‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚È‚¨ANNC‚Æ•l’c‘Ì‚Ì“G‘ΓI‹£‡ŠÖŒW‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍAÙeu•lŽv’ª‚̕ω»‚ÆŒö–¯Œ ˜A‡‚Ì\’z(1)v58-73•ÅB
[41] "Do You Believe That a
'March on Washington, With Congress in Session, Would Accomplish Any Material
Good?" Pittsburgh Courier,
October 17, 1942, p.4.
[42] Garfinkel, When the Negroes March, p.55, pp.67-69.
[43] Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King
Years 1954-1963 (New York: Touchstone, 1988), p.231; Aldon D. Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement:
Black Communities Organizing for Change (New York: Free Press, 1984), p.103
[44] Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement, pp.166-167; Pfeffer, A. Philip Randolph, p.172; Robin D. G.
Kelley, Hammer and Hoe: Alabama
Communists During the Great Depression (Chapel Hill: University of North
Carolina Press, 1990), pp.195-219.@‚È‚¨A‚±‚ê‚Æ“¯‚¶ AƒAƒo[ƒiƒV[‚Æ“¯‚¶‚ƒ{ƒCƒRƒbƒg‚̃Š[ƒ_[‚Æ‚È‚é‚dE‚cEƒjƒNƒ\ƒ“‚ÍABSCP‚̃‚ƒ“ƒgƒSƒƒŠ[Žx•”‰ï’·‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAƒ‚ƒ“ƒgƒSƒƒŠ[‚Å—LŒ ŽÒ“o˜^‰^“®‚ðŠJŽn‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½B‚³‚ç‚ÉA‚µŽž‘ã‚͉º‚邪Aƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ÍAƒAƒgƒ‰ƒ“ƒ^‚Ì•l‚Ì’nˆÊŒüã‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚ă}[ƒeƒBƒ“Eƒ‹[ƒT[EƒLƒ“ƒO(ƒVƒjƒA)‚©‚ç•Œ¾‚ð‹‚ß‚ç‚êAˆ³—Í‚ðŒ`¬‚·‚邽‚ß‚ÉMOWM‚É•í‚Á‚Ä•l‚É‚æ‚é‘gD‚ðŒ‹¬‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ðŠ©‚ß‚Ä‚¢‚éBA. Philip Randolph to Martin Luther King, May 25, 1945, APRP, Box 25.
[45] Herbert
Hill, Black Labor and the American
Legal System, p.180.
[46] Harvard Sitkoff, "Racial
Militancy and Interracial Violence in the Second World War," Journal of American History 58
(December, 1971), p.671; Foner, Organized
Labor and Black Worker, p.265.
[47] New York Times, June 19, 1942.
[48] Granger, "Barriers to
Negro War Employment," p.72; Herbert Hill,
Black Labor and the American Legal
System, p.264; Foner, Organized Labor
and Black Worker, p.255.
[49] New York Times, June 19, 1942;
Herbert Hill, Black Labor and the
American Legal System: Race, Work, and the Law, p.264.@UAW‚ªAŽw“±‘w‚Ì•½“™Žå‹`“I‚Èsˆ×‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄA•l˜J“ŽÒ‚ð‘gD‰»‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Á‚½‰ß’ö‚͈ȉº‚ðŽQÆBAugust Meier and Elliot Rudwick,
Black Detroit and the Rise of the UAW
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1979).
[50] War Manpower Commission,
Developments in the Employment of Negroes in War Industries, War Manpower
Report, October 16, 1943, War Manpower Commission Records, RG 211, Series 115,
Box 793, National Archives.
[51] Thomas J. Sugrue, "Crabgrass-Roots Politics: Race, Rights and the Reaction against Liberalism in the Urban North, 1940-1964," Journal of American History 82 (September, 1995): 551-578. ‚È‚¨A–\“®‚ÍAŽ–‘Ô‚ªŽûE‚³‚ê‚é‚Ü‚Å‚É34–¼(“à25–¼‚ª•l)‚ªŽ€–S‚·‚鎖‘Ô‚Æ‚È‚Á‚½B‚±‚Ì‹]µŽÒ”‚ðã‰ñ‚é‚Ì‚ÍA1967”N‚̃fƒgƒƒCƒg–\“®‚Æ1992”N‚̃ƒTƒ“ƒ[ƒ‹ƒX–\“®‚Ì‚Ý‚Å‚ ‚éB
[52] ‚½‚Æ‚¦‚ÎA‘æ‚PŽŸ¢ŠE‘å펞‚̃C[ƒXƒgEƒZƒ“ƒgEƒ‹ƒCƒX–\“®‚à•l‚̌ٗp‚ðŒ´ˆö‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½BElliot Rudwick, Race Riot at East St. Louis July 2, 1917 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, reprint ed., 1982).
[53] New York Times, June 22, June 23, 1943; "Defeat at
Detroit," Nation 157 (July 3,
1943), p.4; Thomas Sancton, "The Race Riots," New Republic 109 (July 5, 1943), p.175; Mary Sarton, "Who
Wakes: Detroit, June, 1943," New
Republic 109 (August 16, 1943), p.222.@‚È‚¨–\“®’¼Œã‚É‘‚©‚ꂽNew York Times‚̘_à‚à“¯‚¶—§ê‚ð‚Æ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB"Tragedy in Detroit," New
York Times, June 22, 1943.
[54] New York Times, June 23, 1943; Granger, "Barriers to Negro War Employment," p.73.@‚È‚¨AíŒã‚·‚®‚ÉUAW-CIO‰ï’·‚É‚È‚éƒEƒHƒ‹ƒ^[EƒŠƒ…[ƒT[‚à•l‚̌ٗp‚Ì–â‘è‚ð푈‚Ì•¶–¬‚Å‘¨‚¦‚Ä“ì•”‚Ì“S“¹Œö’®‰ï‰„Šú‚ÉR‹c‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB
uŽ„‚ÍAM—Š‚ ‚é‹Ø‚©‚çA“S“¹ŽY‹Æ‚Ì‚¨‚¯‚é•l·•Ê‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ä•´‚ê‚à‚È‚¢Ø‹’‚𓾂Ă¢‚Ü‚·BEEE“S“¹‰ïŽÐ‚ÍA挩‚Ì–¾‚Ì‚È‚¢“S“¹˜J“‘g‡‚Æ‹¤–d‚µ‚ÄAƒ[ƒYƒ”ƒFƒ‹ƒg‘å“—Ìs–½—ß8802†‚É”½‚µA‘gD“I‚É•l‰ÎŽm‚ðŒÙ—p‚©‚ç”rœ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B‚»‚µ‚Ä‚±‚̂悤‚ÈŠˆ“®‚ªA¡‘åí‚ÌŸ—˜‚É•s‰ÂŒ‡‚Å‚ ‚é•l‚ÌvŒ£AŽm‹C‚ɑ΂µ[‚È‘ÅŒ‚‚ð—^‚¦‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·BEEEvB
Press Release, Jan 14, 1943, UAW-CIO, APRP, Box 25.
[55] New York Times, June 25, 1943.
[56] Walter White, "Behind the
Harlem Riot," New Republic 109
(August 16, 1943), p.222.
[57] Arnold R. Hirsch, Making of the Second Ghetto: Race &
Housing in Chicago 1940-1960 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983),
p.44; Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis,
pp.91-92.
[58]Hirsch, Making of the Second Ghetto, p.42.
[59]"The Negro, His Future in
America," New Republic, Special
Edition (October 18, 1943), p.535, p.550.
[60] ‚È‚¨ASitkoff‚ÍA–{e‚Æ“¯‚¶‚A‘æ‚QŽŸ¢ŠE‘åí’†‚ɶ‚¶‚½”’lƒŠƒxƒ‰ƒ‹‚Ì•l‰^“®‚Ö‚ÌŽQ‰Á‚ª‹}‘¬‚Éi“W‚µ‚½‚±‚Æ‚ðŽw“E‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éBSitkoff, "Racial Militancy and Interracial Violence in the Second World War," pp.678-679.@‚µ‚©‚µA”Þ‚ÌŽw“E‚ÍAŠÌS‚Ì"militancy"‚ª”@‰½‚È‚é‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½‚Ì‚©‚ð‹K’肵‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢“_‚ÉŒˆ’è“I‚ÈŽã“_‚ðŽ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB
[61] Robert Korstad and Nelson
Lichtenstein, "Opportunities Found and Lost: Labor, Radicals, and the
Early Civil Rights Movement," Journal
of American History 75 (December, 1988): 786-811.
[62] "Special Message to the
Congress on Civil Rights," February 2, 1948, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States (Washington,
D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1948), p.126.
[63] Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and
Modern Democracy (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1942), pp.xlvii-xlviii.
[64] "Special Message to the
Congress on Civil Rights," February 28, 1963, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Containing the
Public Messages (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1963),
p.222.
[65] Pfeffer, A. Randolph, p.278.
[66] ‚©‚©‚é–â‘è‚ÌŽ–ŽÀŠÖŒW‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍA‘gD˜J“‚̪‹‚¢lŽí·•Ê‚ðՂ¯‚½ˆÈ‰º‚ÌFoner‚Ìæ‹ì“IŒ¤‹†‚ªÚ‚µ‚¢BFoner, Organized Labor and the Black Worker, pp.307-308.@‚È‚¨AFoner‚ÍA‚±‚ê‚ðA”Þ‚ÌŠî–{“Iƒpƒ‰ƒ_ƒCƒ€‚Å‚ ‚éA˜J“‰^“®‚ɪ‹‚¢u·•Êv‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽw“E‚·‚é‚É—¯‚Ü‚èAUAW‚É“àÝ‚·‚éŒÀŠE‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Í‘¨‚¦‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢B
[67] ‚±‚±‚Å‘z‹N‚³‚ê‚é‚Ì‚ªAƒŠƒxƒ‰ƒ‹‚È—ðŽj‰ÆArthur Schlesinger, Jr.‚ª‹ß”N’˜‚µ˜b‘è‚É‚È‚Á‚½ƒuƒ‰ƒbƒNEƒiƒVƒ‡ƒiƒŠƒYƒ€”á”»‚Å‚ ‚낤BArthur Schlesinger, Jr., The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a
Multicultural Society (New York: Whittle Direct Books, 1991), pp.20-37.@‚µ‚©‚µ‚È‚ª‚çA•l‚̉^“®‚ðƒAƒƒŠƒJŽÐ‰ï‚Ö‚Ì“‡‚ð‹‚ß‚é‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½‚Æ‹K’è‚·‚é”Þ‚Ì”FŽ¯‚ÍA“Á‚É–{e‚Ì‘æ‚P•”‚Ř_‚¶‚½A•l‘¤‚Ì”FŽ¯‚ÌŠî’ê‚É‚Íí‚ɃJƒ‰[EƒRƒ“ƒVƒƒƒX‚È—¬‚ꂪ‚ ‚邱‚Ƃ𖳎‹‚µ‚½‹É‚߂Ĉê–Ê“I‚È‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB‚È‚¨•l˜J“Žj‰Æ‚ÌEarl Lewis‚àA”’lˆÚ–¯‚ªu˜J“‚Ìê‚ł͘J“ŽÒA‰Æ’ë‚ł̓GƒXƒjƒbƒNv‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Q‚‚̎©ŒÈ”FŽ¯‚ð‚·‚é‚悤‚É‚È‚Á‚½‚̂ɑ΂µA•l‚Íí‚ɘJ“‚Ìê‚Å‚à‚ ‚‚Ü‚ÅulŽív‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽ©ŒÈ‚ð”FŽ¯‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½‚±‚Æ‚ðŽw“E‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éBEarl Lewis, In Their Own Interests: Race, Class, Power in Twentieth-Century
Norfolk, Virginia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp.4-5.
[68] Malcolm X, "Ballot or
Bullet," April 3, Cleveland, in Malcolm
X Speaks, ed., George Breitman (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1965), p.26.@‚È‚¨A1943”N‚Ì–\“®‚Ń}ƒ‹ƒRƒ€‚w‚ª–\“k‚Æ‚µ‚Äs“®‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½“_‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍAˆÈ‰º‚ðŽQÆBMalcolm X, Autobiography of Malcolm X (London: Penguin Books, 1965),
pp.202-204.