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1970”N‘ãˆÈ~‚És‚í‚ꂽŒö–¯Œ ‰^“®Žj‚ÌŒ¤‹†‚Æ‚ÍA‚ ‚éˆÓ–¡‚Å‚ÍA‚±‚Ìu‚ä‚Á‚‚è‚Æ‚µ‚½”“W‚Ì“¹v‚ÌŒ¤‹†‚Å‚ ‚é‚ÆŒ¾‚¦‚悤B‚»‚µ‚ÄA‚±‚ê‚ç‚ÌŒ¤‹†‚Ì‘½‚‚ªAŒö–¯Œ ‰^“®‚ɘA‚Ȃ鎡“IEŽÐ‰ï“IEŒoÏ“I•Ï‰»‚Ì‹NŒ¹‚ðAwƒuƒ‰ƒEƒ“x”»Œˆ‚æ‚èˆÈ‘O‚Ì1930”N‘ã‚É‚Ý‚Æ‚ß‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚±‚ÌŽž‘ã‚ÉA•l‚ÍA–¯Žå“}ƒŠƒxƒ‰ƒ‹”h‚ðŽ¡–Ê‚ÌŽ²‚ÉAŽs–¯’c‘ÌA˜J“‘g‡‚ð‹Š‡‚µ‚½˜A‡‘Ì‚ðŒ`¬AÅI“I‚É‚Í1964”NŒö–¯Œ –@¬—§‚ðŠl“¾‚·‚é‚ÉŽŠ‚éB‚±‚ÌŠˆàuŒö–¯Œ ˜A‡v‚ÍAuƒjƒ…[ƒfƒB[ƒ‹˜A‡v‚ƌĂ΂ê‚鎡¨—Í‚Æ•\— ˆê‘Ì‚ð‚È‚·‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚èAƒjƒ…[ƒfƒB[ƒ‹ô‚É”º‚¤˜A–M•{‚ÌŒ ŒÀ‚ªŠg‘傳‚ꂽŽž‹@‚ÉA‚Ü‚³‚É‚»‚ÌŒ`¬Šú‚ª‚ ‚éB‚»‚ÌŒã‚̃AƒƒŠƒJ•l‚Ì—ðŽj‚ªAˆê•û‚ɘA–M•{A‘¼•û‚É“ì•”B•{‚Æ‚¢‚¤‘¶Ý‚̉e‹¿‚ð‹‚Žó‚¯‚È‚ª‚ç“WŠJ‚³‚ꂽ‚±‚Æ‚ÅA‚±‚ÌŽžŠú‚Í“ì–k푈’¼Œã‚ðuÄŒšŠúv‚ƌĂԂ±‚Ƃɑ΂µAu‘æ‚QŽŸÄŒšŠúv‚ƌĂ΂ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB [2]
–{e‚ÍAw’nˆæ•¶‰»Œ¤‹†x‘æ11†‚ÉŒfÚ—\’è‚Ì•Êeiu•lŽv’ª‚̕ω»‚ÆŒö–¯Œ ˜A‡‚Ì\’zi‚Qj`ˆ¤‘“IR‹c‚Æ‚µ‚ẴƒVƒ“ƒgƒ“‘åsiA1942”Nvj‚Æ•¹‚¹‚ÄA‘å‹°Q‚Æ‘æ‚QŽŸ¢ŠE‘åíŠú‚É‚¨‚¯‚é•lŽw“±ŽÒ‚Ì–â‘è”FŽ¯‚̕ω»‚ðŒŸ“¢‚µA‚»‚̕ω»‚ÆŒã‚ÌŒö–¯Œ ‰^“®‚Ì“WŠJ‚Æ‚ÌŠÖ˜A‚ð˜_‚¶‚邱‚Æ‚ð–Ú“I‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB•ªÍEŒŸ“¢‚Ì’†S‚É‚¨‚©‚ê‚é‚Ì‚ªA1930”N‘ãˆÈ—ˆA1960”N‘ã‚ÉŽŠ‚é‚܂ňêŠÑ‚µ‚Ä•lŽw“±‘w‚ð’S‚Á‚½‚`EƒtƒBƒŠƒbƒvEƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒtiA. Philip
Randolphj‚Ì–â‘è”FŽ¯‚ƔނªŽw“±‚µ‚½‰^“®‚ÌŽÀ‘Ô‚Å‚ ‚éB–{e‚Å‚ÍAŽå‚É‘æ‚QŽŸ¢ŠE‘åí’†‚̉^“®‚ðˆµ‚¤•Êe‚ɑ΂µA–{e‚Å‚ÍA‘å‹°Q‚ƃjƒ…[ƒfƒB[ƒ‹‚É‚æ‚é•Ï‰»‚ªƒAƒƒŠƒJ‚Ì•l‚̉^“®‚É‹y‚Ú‚µ‚½‰e‹¿‚ð˜_‚¶‚éB‚³‚ç‚É–{e‚Å‚ÍA20¢‹I‚Ì•l‚̉^“®‚ª1909”N‚ÉÝ—§‚³‚ꂽ‘S‘•lŒü㋦‰ïiNational Association for the
Advancement of Colored PeopleANAACPj‚ð’†S‚É“WŠJ‚³‚ê‚Ä‚«‚½Ž–ŽÀ‚𓥂܂¦Aƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚Ì“oê‚ÌŽ‚ˆӋ`‚ðNAACP‚Ì󋵂ƔäŠrlŽ@‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ÅA”Þ‚ª•lŽw“±‘w‚Æ‚µ‚Ä”F’m‚³‚ꂽ‚±‚Æ‚Ì—ðŽj“IˆÓ–¡‚ð˜_‚¶A1930”N‘ã‚ÌŽj“IˆÊ’u‚¯‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚éÄl‚ðŽŽ‚Ý‚éB
‚Æ‚±‚ë‚ÅAŒö–¯Œ ‰^“®‚ð“Á’¥‚̈ê‚‚ªAƒAƒƒŠƒJ‚̎Љï‰^“®‚Å‚Í‘¼‚É—á‚ðŒ©‚È‚¢‹—Í‚È‘åO“®ˆõ—Í‚Å‚ ‚낤B‰^“®‚ÉŽQ‰Á‚µ‚½‘åO‚Ì’†‚©‚çAŒö–¯Œ ‰^“®‚Í”‘½‚‚̉p—Y‚ð¶‚Ýo‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Á‚½Bƒ‚ƒ“ƒgƒSƒƒŠ[EƒoƒXEƒ{ƒCƒRƒbƒg‚ÌÛ‚ÉAƒ{ƒCƒRƒbƒg‚Ì‚½‚ß‚É•à‚‚±‚Æ‚Å”æ˜J‚ª‚½‚Ü‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Ì‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢‚©‚Æq‚Ë‚ç‚ꂽ˜V•wl‚ªuy‚ ‚½‚µz‚Ì‘«‚Í‚‚½‚‚½‚Å‚·‚¯‚ÇAS‚͈À‚ç‚©‚Å‚·v‚Æ“š‚¦‚½‚Æ‚¢‚¤ƒGƒsƒ\[ƒh‚ÍA‚»‚̌㉽“x‚àŒê‚ç‚ê‚邱‚Æ‚É‚È‚Á‚½B‚Ü‚½A1964”N‚Ì–¯Žå“}‘S‘‘å‰ï‚Ń~ƒVƒVƒbƒsB‚Å‚Ì“Š•[Œ ”’D‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚éÕŒ‚“I‚ÈØŒ¾‚ðs‚Á‚½ŽÒ‚àA‚‚¢Šw—ð‚ðŽ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚é‚킯‚Å‚à‚È‚¯‚ê‚ÎAŒö–¯Œ ‰^“®ŽQ‰ÁˆÈ‘O‚ɉ^“®’c‘Ì‚ÆŠÖŒW‚ðŽ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½‚킯‚Å‚à‚È‚¢•lƒVƒFƒAƒNƒƒbƒp[Aƒtƒ@ƒj[Eƒ‹[EƒwƒCƒ}[(Fannie
Lou Hamer)‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½B‚»‚µ‚ÄA”Þ—‚½‚¿‚̂悤‚ȉp—Y‚ð‚‚‚肾‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Á‚½Œö–¯Œ ‰^“®‚Ì’ê•Ó‚É—¬‚ê‚él‚¦‚ªAE‹Æ“IŠˆ“®‰Æ‚â’mŽ¯l‚Å‚Í‚È‚AŽsˆä‚ɶ‚«‚éˆê”Ê‚ÌlX‚ÌŽp‚ðÌ—g‚·‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½B
[3]
ƒAƒƒŠƒJ‚Ì•l‚̑命”‚ª‚Ƃ͑唼‚ª˜J“ŽÒŠK‹‰‚©‚ç‚È‚élŽíW’c‚È‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚ð‘z‹N‚·‚é‚È‚ç‚ÎA‰^“®‚ÌŽw“±ŽÒ‚Ì‘¤‚ɘJ“ŽÒŠK‹‰‚ɑ΂·‚éŠú‘Ò‚ÆM—Š‚È‚‚µ‚ÄAlŽí‘S‘̂𓮈õ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚‚悤‚È‚©‚©‚él‚¦•ûAŒö–¯Œ ‰^“®‚Ì‘åO“®ˆõ‚ÍA‰^“®‚ÌŽw“±ŽÒ‚Ì‘¤‚É‚¨‚¯‚éA˜J“ŽÒŠK‹‰‚ɑ΂·‚éŠú‘Ò‚ÆM—Š‚È‚‚µ‚Ä‚Í‚ ‚蓾‚È‚©‚Á‚½‚Å‚ ‚낤B‚Æ‚±‚낪A•l‚̉^“®Žw“±‘w‚ÌŽv’ª‚ðŒ©‚Ä‚Ý‚é‚ÆA‚©‚©‚él‚¦•û‚â‰^“®‘œ‚ª—ðŽj‚ð’Ê‚¶‚Â˂Ɏx”z“I‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½‚킯‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢Bƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚Ì“oê‚ÉÛ’¥‚³‚ê‚é•lŽw“±‘w‚ÌŒð‘ã‚ÍA•l‚̉^“®Žv‘z‚É‚¨‚¯‚é]—ˆ‚Ì•ûŒü‚Æ‚Ì’fâ‚Æ‚àŒ¾‚¢‚¤‚é•Ï‰»‚ð•\‚µ‚Ä‚¨‚èA‚±‚̕ω»‚È‚‚µ‚Ä‚Í‘æ‚QŽŸ¢ŠE‘åíŒã‚Ì‘åO‰^“®‚Í‚ ‚肦‚È‚©‚Á‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
[4]
‚Pj‘å‹°Q‰º‚Ì•lFuË”\‚ ‚é10•ª‚Ì‚Pv‚ÌIà
‘æ‚PŠúƒjƒ…[ƒfƒB[ƒ‹ô‚̪Š²‚½‚é‘S‘•œ‹»‹ÇiNational
Recovery Administrationj‚ÌŽ{ô‚ªA•l‚©‚ç"Negro
Removal Act"‚ƈ‰‚³‚ꂽ‚±‚Æ‚ª’[“I‚ÉŽ¦‚·‚悤‚ÉAƒjƒ…[ƒfƒB[ƒ‹ô‚ÍA‘½‚‚Ìê‡A•l‚ÌŒo϶Šˆ‚Ì‚³‚ç‚Ȃ鈫‰»‚ð‚à‚½‚炵‚½B
[5]
1933”N10ŒŽ‚É‚Í–ñ210–œlA•l‘lŒû‚Ì–ñ18“‚ª˜A–M‚Ì•ŸŽƒ‹~Ï‚Ì‘ÎÛ‚Æ‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½‚ªA‚±‚Ì”Žš‚͉Šúƒjƒ…[ƒfƒB[ƒ‹ô‚ÌŒ‹‰Ê‚ª–¾‚ç‚©‚É‚È‚Á‚½1935”N‚PŒŽ‚É‚Í–ñ350–œlA•l‘lŒû‚Ì–ñ30“‚Ü‚Å㸂·‚éB‚³‚ç‚É‚ÍA1936”NˆÈ~‚Ì‘æ‚QŠúƒjƒ…[ƒfƒB[ƒ‹ô‚ÌꇂàA•l‚ÌŒoÏ󋵂ð‰ü‘P‚³‚¹‚é•ûŒü‚É‚Í“‚©‚È‚©‚Á‚½B‘S‘˜J“ŠÖŒW–@iNational
Labor Relation ActA’ỄƒOƒi[–@j‚ƎЉï•Ûá–@iSocial
Security Actj‚ªA“–Žž‚Ì•l˜J“ŽÒ‚̑唼‚ª]Ž–‚·‚é”_‹Æ‚ƉƎ–˜J“‚ðœŠO‚µ‚½‚±‚Æ‚ªŽå‚ÈŒ´ˆö‚ÅA•l‚ÌŒo϶Šˆ‚Í‚³‚ç‚Ɉ«‰»‚·‚铹‚ð‚½‚Ç‚èAƒWƒ‡[ƒWƒABƒAƒgƒ‰ƒ“ƒ^‚Å‚Í‘ŒÙ—plŒû‚Éè‚ß‚é•llŒû‚ª33.4“‚Å‚ ‚é‚̂ɑ΂µA•l‚̌ٗp‘lŒû‚Ì65.7“‚ª•ŸŽƒ‹~Ï‚Ì‘ÎÛ‚Æ‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB‚±‚̂悤‚È󋵂ð‚Ђ«‚¾‚µ‚½Œ´ˆö‚Í•K‚¸‚µ‚àlŽí·•Ê‚Ì‚Ý‚ÉŠÒŒ³‚Å‚«‚é‚à‚Ì‚Å‚Í‚È‚A—Ⴆ‚ÎA“ì•”“sŽsƒAƒgƒ‰ƒ“ƒ^‚æ‚è‚ÍlŽí“I‚É‚æ‚芰—e‚Å‚ ‚é‚ÆŽv‚í‚ê‚éƒjƒ…[ƒˆ[ƒN‚Å‚³‚¦‚àAŒÙ—plŒû‚Éè‚ß‚é•llŒû”ä4.7“‚ɑ΂µA•ŸŽƒ‹~Ï‚ðŽó‚¯‚Ä‚¢‚é•l‚Í‚»‚Ì–ñ2.5”{‚É‚ ‚½‚é11.2“‚Éã‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
[6]
‚‚܂èAƒjƒ…[ƒfƒB[ƒ‹ôŽ©‘Ì‚ÉlŽí·•Ê“I‹K’è‚Í‘¶Ý‚¹‚¸A˜A–M‚Ìô‚ªŒoÏŠK’ò‚Ìʼnº‘w‚É•K‚¸‚µ‚às‚«“Í‚©‚È‚©‚Á‚½‚½‚ß‚ÉA‚±‚ê‚Ü‚Å‚ÌlŽí·•ÊŒÌ‚ÉÆŽã‚ÈŒoÏ“IŠî”Õ‚É‚¨‚©‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚½•l‚ɑ΂µ‚±‚ê‚ç‚Ìô‚ªŒ‹‰Ê‚Æ‚µ‚ÄlŽí·•Ê“I‚É“‚¢‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA‚±‚̂悤‚È󋵂ɒ¼–Ê‚·‚邱‚Æ‚É‚È‚Á‚½‰º‚Å‚ÍA•l‚É‚ÍAŽY‹Æ•œ‹»‚Ì‚½‚߂Ƀjƒ…[ƒfƒB[ƒ‹ôˆê”Ê‚É‚ÍŽ^¬‚µ‚‚ÂA•l˜J“ŽÒ‚̌•ʓI—˜ŠQ‚ð‹‚Žå’£‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚‚±‚Æ‚ª•K—v‚É‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½B‚Æ‚±‚낪A•l’c‘Ì‚Ì‘å‹°Q‚ւ̑Ήž‚ÍAÏ‹É“I‚È‘gD‰»U¨‚Éæ‚èo‚µAƒjƒ…[ƒfƒB[ƒ‹ô‚ÌŠˆàu¶ù‰ñv‚𓱂«o‚µ‚½uƒjƒ…[ƒfƒB[ƒ‹˜A‡v‚̈ꗃA˜J“‘g‡‚Æ”äŠr‚·‚é‚È‚ç‚ÎA–¾‚ç‚©‚É—§‚¿’x‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚½B˜A–Ms”‹@ŠÖ‚Ì‘p¶‚âAƒƒOƒi[–@‚É‚æ‚é˜J“‘g‡‚Ì’nˆÊ‚ÌŠm—§‚È‚Ç‚ð’Ê‚¶‚ÄAƒAƒƒŠƒJŽÐ‰ï‚ª‹}‘¬‚É‘gD‰»‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚’†‚É‚ ‚Á‚ÄA•l‚Ì—˜ŠQ‚ð‘ã•\‚·‚é‚ׂ«NAACP‚Æ‘S‘“sŽs“¯–¿iNational
Urban LeagueANULj‚ªŒø‰Ê“I‚ȘA–M‹c‰ïƒƒr[Šˆ“®‚ÉŽ¸”s‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½‚±‚Æ‚Ì•\‚ê‚ÉA‹c‰ï‚Å•l‚Ì—˜‰v‚ð‘ã•\‚µ‚ÄØŒ¾‚É—§‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½‚Ì‚ÍAƒjƒ…[ƒfƒB[ƒ‹ôŠJŽnŒã‚É‹}篌‹¬‚³‚ꂽ‘S‘•œ‹»‡“¯ˆÏˆõ‰ïiJoint
Committee on National RecoveryAJCNRj‚ÌA‘åŠw‚ðo‚ÄŠÔ‚à‚È‚¢Â”N•lAƒWƒ‡ƒ“E‚oEƒfƒCƒ”ƒBƒXiJohn
P. Davisj‚ƃƒo[ƒgE‚bEƒEƒB[ƒ”ƒ@[iRobert
C. Weaverj‚Ì“ñl‚¾‚Á‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
[7]
‚±‚ê‚Ü‚ÅNAACP‚âNUL‚È‚Ç‚Ì•l’c‘Ì‚Ì“Á’¥“I•ûj‚ÍA•l‚Ì’†‚Å‹Z”\‚ÆË”\‚ ‚éŒÂl‚ªæ‹ì‚Æ‚È‚Á‚ÄlŽí•ÎŒ©‚ð‘Å”j‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ÅlŽí‘S‘Ì‚ÌŒüオ’B¬‚³‚ê‚é‚Æ‚·‚é‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½B‚±‚ÌË”\‚ÉŒb‚܂ꂽ•lA‚‚܂è•l‚Ì–¢—ˆ‚ÌŠó–]‚ð’S‚¤ŽÒ‚Ì‚±‚Æ‚ðAuË”\‚Ì‚ ‚é10•ª‚Ì‚Pv‚ƌĂÔB [8] 1920”N‘ãA•l‚Ì•¶Œ|EŒ|pŠˆ“®‚̧—オA–{—ˆ‚ÍlŒ ’c‘Ì‚Å‚ ‚éNAACP‚âAŽÐ‰ï•ŸŽƒ’c‘Ì‚Å‚ ‚éNUL‚ð’Ê‚¶Šˆ”‚És‚í‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚½‚Ì‚É‚ÍA‚©‚©‚é‰^“®Žv‘z“I”wŒi‚ª‘¶Ý‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½BŠˆàuƒn[ƒŒƒ€Eƒ‹ƒlƒTƒ“ƒXv‚ƌĂ΂ê‚é‚Ì‚ª‚±‚ÌŽžŠú‚Å‚ ‚éB [9] ‚±‚ÌuË”\‚ ‚é10•ª‚Ì‚Pv‚ÌŽv‘z‚É‹’‚Á‚Ä—§‚ÂNAACP‚ÆNUL‚ÍA‚µ‚΂µ‚Îu’†ŽYŠK‹‰“I’c‘Ìv‚ÆŒ¾‚í‚êAŠÌS‚Ì•l˜J“ŽÒ‚É‘gD“IŠî”Õ‚ðŒ‡‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB [10]
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‚±‚̂悤‚È‹c˜_‚ª“WŠJ‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚’†‚ÅAƒfƒ…ƒ{ƒCƒX‚̓AƒƒŠƒJŽÐ‰ï‚É‚Ü‚·‚Ü‚·Œ¶–Å‚ð‹‚ß‚Äs‚Á‚½BƒzƒƒCƒg‚Ì‹LŽ–‚É“š‚¦‚éŒ`‚Æ‚È‚Á‚½‚SŒŽ†‚ÌCrisis‚ÅAu•l‚É‚æ‚é–¾”’‚È‹ÆÑ‚ÆvŒ£‚Æ‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä•ÎŒ©‚ð”j‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚é‚ÆAŽ„‚Í”MS‚ÉM‚¶‚Ä‚¢‚½v‚ƉߋŽ‚ÌŽ©•ª‚Ì—§ê‚ðŒê‚èA‚»‚µ‚Äu‚±‚ê‚Í‚¨‚Æ‚¬˜b‚Å‚ ‚éA250”N‚©1000”NŒã‚É‚Í’B¬‚Å‚«‚é‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢A‚µ‚©‚µA¡A‚±‚ê‚Í^ŽÀ‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢v‚Ɣނ͌»ó‚Ìf’f‚ð‰º‚·B‚»‚µ‚ÄA”Þ‚ªu•l‚ª‚¢‚©‚Ȃ镶‰»A”\—Í‚ðŽ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚悤‚Æ‚àA”’lƒAƒƒŠƒJl‚Ì‚Ù‚Æ‚ñ‚Ç‚Í”Þi•lj‚ðlŠÔ‚ÆŒ©‚È‚·‚±‚Æ‚Í‚È‚¢v‚ÆŽå’£‚·‚é‚Æ‚«AuË”\‚ ‚é10•ª‚Ì‚Pv‚ªƒAƒƒŠƒJ•l‚Ìi•à‚ð’S‚¤‚Æ‚·‚é”ÞŽ©g‚ÌŽv‘z‚Ì”j’]‚ðŽ©‚ç“f˜I‚·‚邱‚Æ‚É‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB [21]
‚±‚Ì‚Æ‚«‚܂łɃfƒ…ƒ{ƒCƒX‚ÍANAACPŒöŽ®‹@ŠÖŽ‚Å‚ ‚éCrisis‚ÅNAACP‚Ì•ûj”á”»‚ð“WŠJ‚·‚邱‚Æ‚É‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½B‹°Q‰º‚É“¯Ž‚ÌŒo‰c‚ª‹}‘¬‚Ɉ«‰»‚µA‚à‚Í‚âNAACP‚Ìà‰‡•‚È‚µ‚Å‚Í”s‚𑱂¯‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚È‚‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½‚±‚Æ‚ªACrisis•ÒW’·ƒfƒ…ƒ{ƒCƒX‚Ì—§ê‚ð‚³‚ç‚Ɉ«‚‚·‚éB‚‚܂èAŽ©”“IŠu—£‚Ì¥”ñ‚݂̂Ȃ炸Aà“IŽx‰‡‚ðs‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éNAACP—Ž–‰ï‚ªŽ‚ÂACrisis‹LŽ–“à—e‚Ì“§Œ –â‘肪‚±‚̘_‘ˆ‚É—‚ñ‚Å‚¢‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB‚³‚ç‚ÉA”’l‚ƊԈႦ‚ç‚ê‚é‚Ù‚Ç”§‚Ì”’‚¢ƒzƒƒCƒg‚ðAu”Þ‚Íw—LFlŽíx‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢A”Þ‚Ì—Fl‚Í—LFlŽí‚æ‚è‚Í”’l‚Ì•û‚ª‘½‚¢v‚ÆAŒö‘R‚Æ”î排†‚ðs‚Á‚Ä‚µ‚Ü‚¢A—¼ŽÒ‚ÌŠmŽ·‚ÍŒˆ’è“I‚É‚È‚Á‚Ä‚µ‚Ü‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½B [22]
‚»‚µ‚ÄA‹c˜_‚ÍŽ©”“IŠu—£”½‘Δh‚Ì—D¨‚É“WŠJ‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚B’c‘Ì‚ÌŽÀŽ¿ã‚ÌŒˆ’èŒ ‚ðˆ¬‚éNAACP—Ž–‰ï‚ÍA‚SŒŽ‚Ì’è—áW‰ï‚ÅAuŠu—£Œˆ‹cv‚ð‚Ü‚¸Ì‘ð‚µ‚½B‚»‚±‚Å‚Íu‹—v‚³‚ꂽŠu—£ienforced segregationjv‚ÆŒ¾‚¤•\Œ»‚ÅANAACP‚ÌŠu—£”½‘ÎŽp¨‚ªŠm”F‚³‚ꂽB‘±‚‚TŒŽ‚Ì—Ž–‰ï‚Å‚ÍuŠu—£‚Æ‚Í‚·‚ׂČ³—ˆ‹—v‚³‚ꂽ‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚év‚Ɖü‚ß‚Ä’è‹`‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ÅŒ‹‰Ê‚Æ‚µ‚ăzƒƒCƒg‚ÌŽp¨‚ð—iŒì‚·‚éˆê•ûANAACP‚ÌlŽíŠu—£‚É”½‘΂·‚éŽp¨‚Í‹É‚ß‚Äd’¼‚µ‚½‚à‚Ì‚É‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚Á‚½B‚±‚Ì‚Æ‚«‚É‚Í‚³‚ç‚ÉANAACP‚Ì—L‹‹ˆÏˆõ‚ª’c‘Ì‹@ŠÖŽCrisis‚ÅNAACP‚Ì•ûj‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ĕᔻ‚ðs‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ð‹ÖŽ~‚·‚錈‹c‚ªÌ‘ð‚³‚êA–¼Žw‚µ‚Í”ð‚¯‚Â‚Â‚àAƒfƒ…ƒ{ƒCƒX‚Ìs“®‚ªŒöŽ®‚ɔᔻ‚³‚ꂽ‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB‚±‚ê‚ç‚̈ê˜A‚ÌŒˆ’è‚ÌŒ‹‰ÊA‚‚¢‚Ƀfƒ…ƒ{ƒCƒX‚Í—Ž–‚ðŽ«”C‚·‚邱‚Æ‚É‚È‚Á‚½B [23]
ƒfƒ…ƒ{ƒCƒX‚ÍNAACP‘n—§ŽÒ‚̈êl‚Å‚ ‚èA“–ŽžÅ‚à‰e‹¿—Í‚Ì‚ ‚é•lŽw“±ŽÒ‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½B‚µ‚©‚µ‚È‚ª‚çA”Þ‚ÍA‹ï‘Ì“I‚ȃvƒƒOƒ‰ƒ€‚ð’ñŽ¦‚·‚邱‚Æ‚È‚A•l‚É‚Æ‚Á‚Ĕےè“I‚Ȋ܈ӂª‘½‚¢uŠu—£v‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œ¾—t‚Ì’è‹`‚©‚ç‰üŠv–â‘è‚ðÌ‚èã‚°‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤•û–@‚ð‚Ƃ邱‚Æ‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄA‚Þ‚µ‚댵‚µ‚¢—§ê‚Ég‚ð’u‚‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚Á‚Ä‚µ‚Ü‚Á‚½B‚µ‚©‚µ‚È‚ª‚çA•l‚ÌŒo϶Šˆ‚̈«‰»‚Æ‚¢‚¤Ž–‘Ԃ͈êŒü‚É•Ï‚í‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚È‚©‚Á‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚èA‚»‚±‚ÅNAACP‚ÍAƒfƒ…ƒ{ƒCƒX‚Ì—Ž–Ž«”C‚ªŒˆ‚Ü‚Á‚½‚VŒŽ‚ÉAƒnƒŠƒX‚ð‹c’·‚Éu«—ˆ‚ÌŒv‰æ‚ƃvƒƒOƒ‰ƒ€‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚錟“¢ˆÏˆõ‰ïiCommittee on Future Plan and ProgramA’ỄnƒŠƒXˆÏˆõ‰ïjv‚ð‘gD‚µAƒfƒ…ƒ{ƒCƒXŽ«”CŒã‚ÌNAACP‰üŠv‚̓nƒŠƒX‚ð’†S‚Éi‚ß‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚Á‚½B [24]
ƒnƒŠƒXˆÏˆõ‰ï‚Í10ŒŽ‚É—Ž–‰ï‚É•ñ‘‚ð’ñoAŒ»Ý‚Ì–@’쓬‘ˆ‚Æ‹c‰ïƒƒr[Šˆ“®‚Ì‘¼‚ÉNAACP‚ª«—ˆŽÀs‚·‚ׂ«Ž{ô‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAi‚Pj”’l˜J“ŽÒ‚Æ‚Ì—˜ŠQ‚̈ê’v‚ð‹³ˆç‚·‚é˜J“ŽÒ‹³ˆç‚ðs‚¤‚±‚ÆAi‚QjŽY‹Æ•ÊŒ`‘Ԃ̘J“‰^“®‚ðˆç‚Ă邱‚ÆAi‚RjØ”—‚µ‚½–â‘è‚ɑΈ‚·‚é—§–@‚ðŠm•Û‚·‚邽‚ß‚É”’l˜J“ŽÒ‚Æ•l˜J“ŽÒ‚Ì“ˆê“IŽ¡“Is“®‚ÉŒü‚¯‚Ä’m“IŠî”Õ‚ð®”õ‚·‚邱‚ÆAi‚Sj‘S‘“I‚Ü‚½’nˆæ“I‚ȘJ“ŽÒ‰ï‹ciWorkers' Councilj‚Ì‘nÝ‚ðŽx‚¦‚邱‚ÆAi‚Tj˜J“‰^“®‚Ì•l·•Ê‚É”½‘΂·‚é‰^“®‚ÌŒ`¬Ai‚Uj•ª—£“I‚È•lŒoÏ‚É‚Í‚È‚ç‚È‚¢Œ`‚Å‚Ì‹¦“¯‘g‡‰^“®‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‹³ˆçŠˆ“®‚ðs‚¤‚±‚ÆAi‚VjŽx•”‚ð’n•ûABA˜A–M‚ð•‘‘ä‚Æ‚·‚鎡s“®‚̃Zƒ“ƒ^[‚Æ‚·‚邱‚ÆA‚ð’ñˆÄ‚µ‚½BŽ©”“IŠu—£˜_‘ˆ‚𓥂܂¦‚½ã‚ł̃nƒŠƒXˆÏˆõ‰ï‚Ì’ñˆÄ‚ÍAã‚ÉŒ©‚é’Ê‚èlŽí‰¡’f“I«Ši‚ðŽ‚‚à‚Ì‚Å‚Í‚ ‚Á‚½‚ªAÅ“_‚ÍuË”\‚ ‚é10•ª‚Ì‚Pv‚Ì’c‘ÌNAACP‚ÌŠˆ“®‚É•l˜J“ŽÒ‚ÌŽQ‰Á‚ð•å‚邱‚Æ‚É‚ ‚Á‚½B‚»‚Ì‚½‚ß‚Ì“¯ˆÏˆõ‰ï’ñˆÄ‚ÌŠjS‚Æ‚È‚Á‚½‚Ì‚ªAŒoÏŠˆ“®Ž–âˆÏˆõ‰ïiAdvisory Committee on Economic Activitiesj‚ÆA•l˜J“ŽÒ‚É”Œ¾‚Ìê‚ð—^‚¦‚é˜J“ŽÒ‰ï‹c‚Ì‘nÝ‚Å‚ ‚éB [25]
‚±‚Ì•ñ‚Ì’ñˆÄ‚ɂ‚¢‚ÄA—Ž–‰ï‚Í‚¨‚æ‚»‚P”N‚ɂ킽‚Á‚Ä“¢‹c‚ðd‚ËA‚»‚Ì’†‚Å”X‚ÌC³‚ðƒnƒŠƒXˆÄ‚ɉÁ‚¦‚Ä‚¢‚Á‚½B“–‰’ñˆÄ‚³‚ꂽŒoÏŠˆ“®Ž–âˆÏˆõ‰ï‚ÍAˆÏˆõ’·‚Ì‚Ý‚ð—Ž–‰ï‚ª”C–½‚µA\¬ˆÏˆõ‚͈ψõ’·‚ªŽw–¼‚µ—Ž–‰ï‚̳”F‚𓾂ĔC–½‚·‚é‚Æ‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚邪A—Ž–‰ï‚ªˆê؂̈ψõlŽ–Œ ‚𗯕ۂ·‚邱‚Æ‚É•ÏX‚³‚ꂽB [26] ‚‚܂èA—Ž–‰ï‚©‚甼‚ΓƗ§‚µ‚½Œ`‚Å‘¶Ý‚·‚鎖âˆÏˆõ‰ï‚ð’†S‚ÉA•K‚¸‚µ‚à‰üŠv‚É‘OŒü‚«‚Æ‚ÍŽv‚¦‚È‚¢—Ž–‰ï‚ÉW’†‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éŒ —Í‚Ì•ªŽU‚ðƒnƒŠƒXˆÄ‚ÍŠé}‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½‚ªA‚»‚Ì—Ž–‰ï‚ÌŒ ŒÀ‚ª’¼ÚŽ–âˆÏˆõ‰ï‚É‹y‚Ô‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚Á‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB‚³‚ç‚ÉA•l‘åO‚ÌNAACP‚Ö‚ÌŽQ‰Á‚ð•å‚èAŽx•”Šˆ“®‚ðŠˆ«‰»‚·‚é’†S‚Æ‚È‚é˜J“ŽÒ‰ï‹c‚ÌÝ—§’ñˆÄ‚Í휂³‚êAÅI“I‚É—Ž–‰ï‚ɳ”F‚³‚ꂽ•ñ‚ÍAŒoÏ–â‘è‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚ÄŒ¾Ž«ã‚ÌŠÖS‚𕥂¤‚à‚Ì‚ÌAƒnƒŠƒX•ñ‚ª“–‰ˆÓ}‚µ‚½ŽÀs‘gD‚ðŒ‡‚‚±‚Æ‚É‚È‚Á‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½B‚»‚ÌŒ‹‰ÊAƒnƒŠƒX‚ÍR‹c‚̈ӎv•\Ž¦‚Æ‚µ‚Ä—Ž–‚ðŽ«”C‚·‚邱‚Æ‚É‚È‚éB [27] ‚±‚ê‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄA˜J“ŽÒŽQ‰Á‚Ì‘£i‚ð–Ú•W‚É‚µ‚½NAACP‚̉üŠv‚Í“ÚÁ‚·‚邱‚Æ‚É‚È‚Á‚½B
‚RjƒiƒVƒ‡ƒiƒ‹EƒjƒOƒEƒRƒ“ƒOƒŒƒXiNational Negro CongressANNCj‚ƃ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚Ì“oê
ƒfƒ…ƒ{ƒCƒX‚ªNAACP‚ð‘Þ‚«‰^“®‚Ì’c‘Ì“IŠî”Õ‚ðŽ¸‚¤‚Ì‚Æ‚Ù‚Ú“¯Žž‚ÉA•lŽw“±‘w‚Ì’‡ŠÔ“ü‚è‚ð‰Ê‚½‚·‚Ì‚ªƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚Å‚ ‚éB‚±‚ê‚Ü‚Å‚Ì•l‚̉^“®‚Ì’†S‚É—§‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½ŽÒ‚ÍA•l‹³‰ï‚â•l‘åŠw‚ÌŠÖŒWŽÒA‚Ü‚½‚Í–@‘‚ŠEogŽÒ‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½B‚Æ‚±‚낪Aƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ÌŽxŽŠî”Õ‚ÍAƒvƒ‹ƒ}ƒ“Eƒ|[ƒ^[‚Ì‘g‡‚Å‚ ‚èA˜J“‰^“®og‚Æ‚¢‚¤•lŽw“±‘w‚Ì’†‚Å‚Í‹É‚ß‚Ä‹H‚ÈŒo—ð‚ðŽ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚»‚êŒÌ‚ÉA‚±‚ê‚Ü‚Å‚ÌŒ¤‹†‚ÍA‚©‚©‚é˜J“‰^“®‰Æ‚Æ‚µ‚Ă̔ނ̌o—ð‚ÆAƒƒVƒAŠv–½‚ÌÜŽ^‚Ü‚Ås‚Á‚½ƒ‰ƒfƒBƒJƒ‹‚ÈŽGŽMessenger‚Ì•ÒWŽÒ‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½‚±‚ÆA‚³‚ç‚ɂ̓AƒƒŠƒJŽÐ‰ï“}ˆõ‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½‚±‚Æ‚©‚çA•l‚Ì–â‘è‚ðŠî–{“I‚ÉŠK‹‰‚Ì–â‘è‚Æ‚µ‚Ä”FŽ¯‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éŽw“±ŽÒ‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚Ì”FŽ¯‚É‚½‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB
[28]
‚Æ‚±‚낪Aƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ª‘gD‰»‚ðŽw“±‚µ‚½Q‘äŽÔƒ|[ƒ^[Eƒuƒ‰ƒU[ƒtƒbƒhiBrotherhood
of Sleeping Car PortersABSCPj‚ÍA˜J“‘g‡‚Æå«‚àAˆê”ʂ̘J“‘g‡‚Ƃ͈قȂÁ‚½“ÁF‚ðŽ‚¿‡‚킹‚Ä‚¢‚½BBSCP‚ÌÅ‘å‚Ì“ÁF‚Æ‚Í•l‚ÌlŽíˆÓŽ¯‚È‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
‚Æ‚±‚ë‚ÅAƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ªuƒƒbƒZƒ“ƒWƒƒ[Eƒ‰ƒfƒBƒJƒ‹v‚Æ‘Ì‚³‚ꂽW’c‚Ì’†S‚É—§‚¿AuƒAƒƒŠƒJ‚ÅÅ‚àŠëŒ¯‚È•lv‚Æ‚³ŒÄ‚΂ê‚Ä‚¢‚½1920”N‘㉓ª‚Æ‚ÍA‰p—̼ƒCƒ“ƒhog‚Ì•lƒ}[ƒJƒXEƒK[ƒ”ƒBiMarcus
Garveyj—¦‚¢‚颊E•l‰ü‘P‹¦‰ïiUniversal
Negro Improvement AssociationAUNIAj‚ªƒAƒƒŠƒJ•l‚ÌŠÔ‚Å‹}‘¬‚ÉŽxŽ‚ðW‚ß‚Ä‚¢‚Á‚½Žž‘ã‚Å‚à‚ ‚éB‚±‚̃K[ƒ”ƒB‚ƃ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ÌŠÖŒW‚ðŒ©‚é‚ÆAƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ª‹’‚Á‚Ä—§‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½‚à‚Ì‚Æ‚ÍA•K‚¸‚µ‚àŠK‹‰“Iƒ‰ƒfƒBƒJƒŠƒYƒ€‚¾‚¯‚Æ‚ÍŒÀ‚ç‚È‚¢‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
‚±‚Ì“–Žž‚̃‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ÍA‘æ‚PŽŸ¢ŠE‘åí’†‚É푈ô‚ðŽxŽ‚·‚邽‚ß‚É•l‚ÌR‹c‰^“®‚ðˆêŽž’†Ž~‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ð‹‚ß‚Ä‚¢‚½ƒfƒ…ƒ{ƒCƒX‚çŠù‘¶‚Ì•lŽw“±‘w”á”»‚Ì‹}æ–N‚É—§‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½BíŒãA푈‚Ö‚ÌvŒ£‚É‚àŠÖ‚í‚炸•l‚Ì‹«‹öE’nˆÊ‚ª–Ú—§‚Á‚ĉü‘P‚³‚ê‚È‚¢’†A”N•l‚ð’†S‚Ƀfƒ…ƒ{ƒCƒX‚ɑ΂·‚é”á”»‚ª‚‚Ü‚èA‚»‚̔ᔻ¨—Í‚Ì’†S‚É‚È‚Á‚½‚Ì‚ªƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ÆA‚»‚µ‚ăK[ƒ”ƒB‚¾‚Á‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB [29]
ƒ}[ƒJƒXEƒK[ƒ”ƒB‚ÆŒ¾‚¦‚ÎAuƒAƒtƒŠƒJ‚Ö‹A‚êv‚̃Xƒ[ƒKƒ“‚Æ‚Æ‚à‚ÉA•l‚ÌlŽí“I’cŒ‹‚ð‘i‚¦‚©‚¯‚½ƒuƒ‰ƒbƒNEƒiƒVƒ‡ƒiƒŠƒXƒg‚Æ‚µ‚Ä—L–¼‚Å‚ ‚éB‚µ‚©‚µA”Þ‚ª‘æ‚PŽŸ¢ŠE‘åí‹xí’¼Œã‚Ƀjƒ…[ƒˆ[ƒN‚ÅŒ‹¬‚µ‚½UNIA‚ÉW‚Ü‚Á‚½l•¨‚ðŒ©‚é‚ÆAƒAƒƒŠƒJŽÐ‰ï“}‚âƒAƒƒŠƒJ‹¤ŽY“}‚Ì•lŠˆ“®‰Æ‚ª”‘½‚‘¶Ý‚µA‚»‚Ì’†‚É‚ÍuƒƒbƒZƒ“ƒWƒƒ[Eƒ‰ƒfƒBƒJƒ‹v‚à–¼‚ð˜A‚Ë‚Ä‚¢‚½B
[30]
uƒƒbƒZƒ“ƒWƒƒ[Eƒ‰ƒfƒBƒJƒ‹v‚ƃK[ƒ”ƒBŽå‹`ŽÒ‚Æ‚ðŒ‹‚Ñ‚Â‚¯‚½Å‘å‚Ì‘ˆ“_‚ªƒAƒtƒŠƒJ‚ÌíŒãˆ—–â‘è‚Å‚ ‚èA“–ŽžA”Þ‚ç‚͔ăAƒtƒŠƒJƒ“‰ï‹c(Pan-African
Congress)‚Ì’†S‚É—§‚‚ƂƂà‚ɃAƒƒŠƒJ‘–±È‚ÌŽgß’c‚Æ‚µ‚ăpƒŠ‚És‚‚±‚Æ‚ªŒˆ‚Ü‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½ƒfƒ…ƒ{ƒCƒX‚É‘ÎRA”Þ‚ç“ÆŽ©‚ÌAƒAƒtƒŠƒJ‚ÌíŒãˆ—–â‘è‚ÉŠÖ˜A‚µ‚ÄA•l‚Ì‘ã‹c’c‚ðƒpƒŠ˜a•½‰ï‹c‚É”hŒ‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ð–Ú“I‚É‹¤‚ÉŠˆ“®‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½Bˆê•ûAƒAƒƒŠƒJ•{‚ÍA•p”É‚ÉuŠv–½v‚ðŒû‚É‚µANAACP‚È‚Ç‚Æ”äŠr‚·‚é‚Æ–¾‚ç‚©‚É”½‘̧”½•{“I‚ÈŽå’£‚ª–Ú—§‚”ނç‚ðAƒAƒƒŠƒJ•{‚ÍAˆê‚‚ÌW’c‚É‘®‚·‚锽•{Šˆ“®‰Æ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŠÄŽ‹‰º‚É‚¨‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚½B‚±‚̃AƒƒŠƒJ•{‚Ìs“®‚ð‚ð•l“à•”‚̈ӌ©‚Ì‘Šˆá‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚é–³’mE–³ŠÖS‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½‚±‚Æ‚Ì”½‰f‚Æ‚Í‚Í•K‚¸‚µ‚à‰ðŽß‚Å‚«‚È‚¢B‚¸A”Þ‚ç‚Í‹Œ—ˆ‚Ì•lŽw“±‘w‚ɔᔻ“I‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚¢‚¤“_‚Å—§ê‚𓯂¶‚‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚èA•{’³•ñˆõ‚Ìui”Þ‚ç‚ÌŠˆ“®‚Íj‚æ‚è•ÛŽç“I‚ȃŠ[ƒ_[‚©‚烉ƒfƒBƒJƒ‹‚ȃ^ƒCƒv‚Ö‚ÌŽw“±‘w‚̈Ús‚ðŽ¦‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚év‚Æ‚·‚é•ñ‚Í‚ ‚é–Ê‚Å‚ÌŽ–ŽÀ‚ð“`‚¦‚Ä‚¢‚é‚ÆŽv‚í‚ê‚é‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
[31]
‚»‚̔ނç“ñl‚̉^“®Žv‘z‚É’Ê‹Å‚·‚é“_‚Å‚ ‚è‚È‚¨ŠŽ‚Šù‘¶‚Ì•lŽw“±‘w‚Ƃ͈قȂé“_‚ªA•{’³•ñˆõ‚Ì–Ú‚É‚Íuƒ‰ƒfƒBƒJƒ‹v‚Ɖf‚Á‚½“_‚ªA•l‚É‚æ‚éˆÓŽvŒˆ’è‚ðd—vŽ‹‚·‚é“_‚Å‚ ‚éB•l‚ª—vE‚ðè‚ß‚éŠÂ‹«‚ª•sŽ©‘R‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢‰p—̼ƒCƒ“ƒh‚ňç‚Á‚½ƒK[ƒ”ƒB‚ÍANAACP–{•”‚ð‰‚ß‚Ä–K‚ꂽ‚Æ‚«ANAACP‚Ì—vE‚Ì‘½‚‚ª”’l‚É‚æ‚Á‚Äè‚ß‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚½‚±‚Æ‚É‹‚¢ŒË˜f‚¢‚ðŠ´‚¶‚Ä‚¢‚½B
[32]
‘¼•ûAƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ÍANAACP‚ð”á”»‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚̂悤‚Éq‚ׂĂ¢‚½B
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‚‚܂èA“–Žž‚Ì•lƒ‰ƒfƒBƒJƒ‹‚ÌŽv‘z‚ðŒ©‚é‚ÆAŠK‹‰“Iƒ‰ƒfƒBƒJƒŠƒYƒ€‚ÆlŽí“Iƒ‰ƒfƒBƒJƒŠƒYƒ€‚ÌŠÔ‚ÉÛ‚¾‚Á‚½‹«ŠEü‚Í‘¶Ý‚¹‚¸A‚Þ‚µ‚ë—¼ŽÒ‚ªŸÓ‘Rˆê‘Ì‚Æ‚È‚Á‚½Œ`‚Å“¯‹‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½‚ÆŽw“E‚Å‚«‚éBã‚ÉŒ©‚é‚Æ‚¨‚èA“Á‚Ƀ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚Ìꇂ͂»‚ÌŒXŒü‚ª‹‚¢B‚»‚µ‚ĔނÍAƒK[ƒ”ƒB‚É‚æ‚é•l‚ÌŽ©•‰^“®‚ª‘å‚«‚ȃZƒ“ƒZ[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“‚ðŠª‚«‹N‚±‚µA‹ó‘O‚Ì•l‘åO‰^“®‚ð“WŠJ‚µ‚½ŽžŠú‚ÉAƒvƒ‹ƒ}ƒ“Eƒ|[ƒ^[‚ð‘gD‰»‰^“®‚ðŽw“±‚·‚é‚悤‚É‚È‚Á‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB [34]
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[36]
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[39]
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[40]
‚±‚̂悤‚È‘gD“IŠî”Õ‚ðŽ‚ƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ÍAAFL“à•”‚Å‚àA yƒJƒ‰[Eƒuƒ‰ƒCƒ“ƒhz˜J“ŽÒ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Å‚Í‚È‚Aˆê‹`“I‚É‚Í•l‚Æ‚µ‚Äs“®‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½B”Þ‚ÍA”’l˜J“ŽÒ‚Æ•l˜J“ŽÒ‚Ì—˜ŠQ‚͈قȂèA‚»‚êŒÌA•l‚É‚Í•l‚Ì‘gD‚ª•K—v‚Å‚ ‚é‚Æ‚ÌŒ©’n‚É—§‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎABSCP‚ÍA”’l‚É‘g‡ˆõ‚ðŒÀ’肵‚½˜J“‘g‡AQ‘äŽÔŽÔ¶‘g‡iOrder of Sleeping Car ConductorsAOSCCj‚©‚燕¹‚Ì’ñˆÄ‚ðŽó‚¯‚½‚±‚Æ‚ª‚ ‚éB‚©‚‚Ă͎Y‹Æ•Ê˜J“‘g‡‚ð”M—ó‚ÉŽxŽ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½ƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ÍA‚µ‚©‚µA”’l‚Ì‘g‡‚ɇ•¹‚³‚ê‚邱‚Æ‚Í•lƒ|[ƒ^[‚Ì—˜‰v‚ª‘¹‚È‚í‚ê‚é‚Æl‚¦AŽY•Ê˜Hü‚É“Y‚Á‚½Œ`‚ł̇•¹’ñˆÄ‚ð‹‘”Û‚µ‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½B‚±‚Ì‚Æ‚«‚Ƀ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚Í‚±‚ê‚Ü‚Å•l‚ð‘g‡‚©‚ç”rœ‚µ‚Ä‚«‚½OSCC‚ªuƒ|[ƒ^[‚ðˆêl‚Å‚à‘gD‰»‚Å‚«‚é‚©‚Ç‚¤‚©‰ö‚µ‚¢‚à‚Ì‚¾v‚Æ”Œ¾‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚邪A‚±‚ê‚ÍuŽÐ‰ïŽå‹`ŽÒvƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚Æå«‚àAŠK‹‰“I˜A‘т̉”\«‚𖳔ᔻ‚ÉM‚¶‚Ä‚Í‚¨‚炸A•l‚Æ”’l‚̘J“ŽÒ‚ÌŠÔ‚É‚Í–„‚ßs‚‚µ“ï‚¢•sM‚Ìa‚ª‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚ð‘O’ñ‚Æ‚µ‚Äs“®‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚邱‚Æ‚ðŽ¦‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB [41]
1930”N‘ã’†—tA19¢‹I––‚Ì‘åƒXƒgƒ‰ƒCƒL‚ð‹—Í‚Å•²Ó‚µ‚½—ðŽj‚ðŽ‚¿”½‘gD˜J“‚ÌŽp¨‚Å‚Í—L–¼‚ȃvƒ‹ƒ}ƒ“EƒJƒ“ƒpƒj[‚Æ‚Ì‘ˆ‹c‚ÉŸ—˜‚µ‚½ƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ÍA“–ŽžA‚©‚©‚é•l‚ÌlŽíˆÓŽ¯‚ðˆê‚‚̕R‘Ñ‚Æ‚µ‚½‘g‡‚ðŠî”Õ‚ÉAAFL“à•”‚Å“ÆŽ©‚Ì’n•à‚ð’z‚«‚‚‚ ‚Á‚½BAFL‚Ì‘¤‚Å‚àAŠîŠ²ŽY‹Æ‚Ì•l‚Ì‘gD‰»‚ðÏ‹É“I‚ɉŸ‚µi‚ß‚Ä‚¢‚½ŽY‹Æ•Ê‘gD‰ï‹ciCongress
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[42]
‚»‚µ‚Ä1934”NAFL”NŽŸ‘å‰ï‚ÅA”Þ‚ÍA•l‚ð·•Ê‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‘g‡‚ðAFL‚©‚ç’Ç•ú‚·‚邱‚Æ‚Æ•l‚̈µ‚¢‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚é’²¸ˆÏˆõ‰ï‚ÌÝ’u‚ð—v‹‚·‚銈àuƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒtŒˆ‹cv‚ÌÌ‘ð‚ð—v‹‚µAŒˆ‚µ‚ÄlŽí•½“™“I‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢AFL‚É‚¨‚¢‚ÄA•l˜J“ŽÒ‚Ì‘ã•ÙŽÒ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŠˆ“®‚ðŠJŽn‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½B
[43]
ˆê•ûA‚¿‚傤‚Ç‚±‚Ì‚Æ‚«‚Ì‘å‰ïXê‚ÌŽü•Ó‚Å‚ÍA˜J“‘g‡‚ÌlŽí·•Ê‚É”½‘΂·‚éR‹cƒsƒP‚ªŽÀs‚³‚êA˜J“‰^“®‰Æƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚Ö‚ÌŠú‘Ò‚ÆŽxŽ‚ªA•lƒ|[ƒ^[‚ð‰z‚¦‚ÄL‚ª‚è‚‚‚ ‚Á‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
[44]
ƒnƒ[ƒh‘åŠwŽÐ‰ïŠw•”‚ÆJCNR‚ªA1935”N‚TŒŽA•l‚Ì’¼–Ê‚·‚é–â‘è‚ɑΈ‚·‚邽‚ß‚Ìî•ñŒðŠ·‚ðs‚¤‰ï‹c‚ðƒƒVƒ“ƒgƒ“‚cE‚b‚ÅŠJµ‚½‚Ì‚ÍA‚±‚̂悤‚ÈŽž“_‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½B‚±‚ê‚ð‹@‰ï‚ÉAƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ªƒ|[ƒ^[‚ÌŽw“±ŽÒ‚©‚ç•l‘åO‚ÌŽw“±ŽÒ‚É‚È‚é•‘‘䂪€”õ‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚B‚±‚̉ï‹c‚ÅANAACP‚ð‘Þ‚¢‚½ƒGƒCƒuƒ‰ƒ€EƒnƒŠƒX‚âJCNR‚̃Wƒ‡ƒ“E‚oEƒfƒCƒ”ƒBƒX‚çŽQ‰ÁŽÒˆê“¯‚Í•l”’c‘Ì‚Ì“ˆêíü‚Ì•K—v«‚ðˆê’v‚µ‚Ä”FŽ¯‚µA‰ï‹cI—¹Œãƒ‰ƒ‹ƒtEƒoƒ“ƒ`iRalph
J. Bunchj`”Þ‚àƒAƒƒjƒA‰ï‹c‚ÌŽQ‰ÁŽÒ‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½`‚Ì“@‘î‚ÅŠJ‚©‚ꂽ‰ï’k‚É‚¨‚¢‚Ä“ˆêíü\’z‚ÉŒü‚¯‚½ì‹Æ•”‰ï‚ªÝ—§‚³‚ê‚邱‚Æ‚É‚È‚Á‚½B‚»‚µ‚Ä1936”N‚QŒŽ14“úAƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ð‰ï’·ipresidentjAJCNR‚̃fƒCƒ”ƒBƒX‚ðŽ·sˆÏˆõ’·iexecutive
secretaryj‚ÉAŠù‘¶’c‘̘̂A‡‘gD‚Æ‚µ‚ÄNNC‚ª”‘«‚·‚é‚ÉŽŠ‚Á‚½B‚±‚Ì‘å‰ï‚ÍA•l‹³‰ï‚©‚çƒAƒƒŠƒJ‹¤ŽY“}ˆõ‚Ü‚Å‚ð‹Š‡‚µAŽQ‰Á’c‘̂̃ƒ“ƒo[ƒVƒbƒv‚̇Œv‚Í120–œl‚É‚Ì‚Ú‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½B‚±‚Ì‘n—§‘å‰ï‚̬Œ÷‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄNNC‚ÍuƒK[ƒ”ƒB‰^“®ˆÈ—ˆÅ‘å‚Ì•l‘åO‰^“®‚Ì’a¶v‚ÆŒ©‚ç‚ꂽ‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB
[45]
‚±‚±‚ÉŽŠ‚Á‚ÄA”N•l‚©‚ç„‹“‚³‚ê‚éŒ`‚щƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ªNNC‰ï’·‚ÉA”C‚µ‚½‚±‚Æ‚ÍA•l‰^“®“à•”A‚Æ‚è‚킯1930”N‘ã‚ɑ䓪‚µ‚Ä‚«‚½‘w‚ł̔ނ̒nˆÊ‚ÌŠm—§‚𕨌ê‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚»‚µ‚ÄA•l‚ÌŽ©•“w—Í‚âlŽíˆÓŽ¯‚É‹‚‘i‚¦‚©‚¯‚Ä‚¢‚½ƒvƒ‹ƒ}ƒ“Eƒ|[ƒ^[‚Ì‘gD‰»‰^“®‚̃‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ÌŽp¨‚ÍAƒAƒƒjƒA‰ï‹c‚Å‚Ì”N•l‚ÌŽ©•“w—Í‚ð‹‚ß‚éŽå’£‚Æ•„‡‚µANNC‚ÖŒ‹ŽÀ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Á‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éBƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ÍNNC‰ï’·A”C‰‰à‚ÅŒê‚éB
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‚‚܂èANNC‚ª‘¶‘±”“W‰Â”\‚È‘gD\’z‚ÉŽ¸”s‚µ‚½‚±‚Æ‚ÍAƒ}ƒCƒmƒŠƒeƒB‚̉^“®‚½‚é•l‚̉^“®‚ªAƒ}ƒWƒ‡ƒŠƒeƒB‚Æ‚È‚é‚ׂ˜A‡‚ð\’z‚·‚éۂ̃fƒBƒŒƒ“ƒ}‚Æ‹ê”Y‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚Æ‚ð•\‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½Bƒ}ƒCƒmƒŠƒeƒB‚½‚é•l‚ª‹—͂ȉ^“®‚ð’z‚‚½‚ß‚É‚ÍA‘¼‚Ì’c‘Ì‚âŒÂl‚©‚ç‚ÌŽx‰‡E‹¦—Í‚ðŠm•Û‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚‚Ì‚ª•KŽŠ‚Æ‚³‚ê‚邪A‚»‚ê‚ÍA‚È‚‚Æ‚ày•lŽ©g‚ª”FŽ¯‚·‚éŒÀ‚èz‚Å‚ÍA•l‚̺‚ª”½‰f‚µ“ï‚‚È‚éŒXŒü‚𔺂¢‚ª‚¿‚É‚È‚é‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éBƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚É‘ã•\‚³‚ê‚é1930”N‘ã‚Ì•l‚̉^“®‚ÍAƒAƒƒŠƒJŽÐ‰ï‚Ég‚ð‚¨‚«‚‚ƒ}ƒCƒmƒŠƒeƒB‚Ì‹«‹ö‚̉ü‘P‚ð—v‹‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½‚ªA‚»‚ê‚Å‚à‚È‚¨‚©‚”ނç‚Ì”O“ª‚É‚ ‚Á‚½‚Ì‚ÍlŽí“I—˜ŠQ‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½BlŽí—˜ŠQ‚Ì’Ç‹A‹É‚ß‚Ä‹‚¢lŽíˆÓŽ¯‚ª‚»‚Ì‚Ü‚Ü•ª—£Žå‹`‚ðˆÓ–¡‚·‚é‚킯‚Å‚Í‚È‚¢B‚µ‚©‚µAŽüˆÍ‚Ì󋵂ɂæ‚Á‚ÄA‚©‚©‚éŽv’ª‚ª•ª—£Žå‹`‚ÉŒXŽÎ‚·‚邱‚Æ‚Í‚ ‚蓾‚éB‚±‚Ì•l‚ÌŽ©ŒÈ”FŽ¯‚±‚»A–¯Žå“}ƒŠƒxƒ‰ƒ‹‚â˜J“‘g‡‚𓯖¿‘ŠŽè‚Æ‚·‚élŽí‰¡’f“I‚ȉ^“®‚©‚çŽn‚Ü‚Á‚½1960”N‘ã‚ÌŒö–¯Œ ‰^“®‚Ì’†‚©‚çA
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uË”\‚ ‚é10•ª‚Ì‚Pv‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œ¾—t‚Å•\‚³‚ê‚éAƒGƒŠ[ƒgŽå‹`“I‚È•l‚̉^“®‚ÍA‘å‹°Q‚ð‹«‚É•l‰^“®‚ÌŽwj‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Ì—LŒø«‚𒘂µ‚Ž¸‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚Á‚½B‚±‚±‚É•l‚̑命”‚ª‘®‚·‚é˜J“ŽÒŠK‹‰‚ðŠÜ‚ß‚½“®ˆõA‘åO‰^“®‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚Ì•l‰^“®‚ªŽn‚Ü‚Á‚½‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éB‚±‚ÌŽ–î‚ðÛ’¥‚·‚é‚Ì‚ªƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚Ì“oê‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½‚Ì‚¾B‚»‚ÌŒãA•l‚̉^“®‚ÍA‘æ‚QŽŸ¢ŠE‘åí’†‚É‘åO‰^“®“I—l‘Š‚ð‚³‚ç‚É‹‚ß‚Ä‚¢‚B‚±‚Ì•l‘åO‚̉^“®‚ÍA1930”N‘ã‚É‚ÍA•lˆÈŠO‚Ì“¯–¿‘ŠŽè‚ðŒ©‚¢‚¾‚µ“¾‚¸A•l‘åO‚Æ‚ÍŒ‹‹ÇlŽí“Iƒ}ƒCƒmƒŠƒeƒB‚É‘¼‚È‚ç‚È‚¢‚±‚Æ‚ð˜I’æ‚·‚邱‚Æ‚É‚È‚Á‚½B‚Æ‚±‚낪A‘æ‚QŽŸ¢ŠE‘å킪Žn‚Ü‚Á‚½‚Æ‚«‚ÉA•l‚ÍlŽíW’c‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÌŽ©ŒÈ”FŽ¯‚Í‚»‚̂܂܈ێ‚µ‚‚‚àA‘‰Æ‚Ì푈‚Ö‚Ì“Ë“ü‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ķ‚¶‚½‹‚¢ˆ¤‘“IŠ´î‚É‚æ‚Á‚ČǗ§‚ð”j‚邱‚ƂɬŒ÷‚µA“à•”‚É‘½—l‚È‹Ù’£ŠÖŒW‚ðŽ‚¿‚‚‚àuŒö–¯Œ ˜A‡v‚ð’z‚«ã‚°‚邱‚ƂɬŒ÷‚·‚é‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½B [57]
[1] ƒ}ƒ‹ƒeƒBƒ“Eƒ‹ƒbƒ^[EƒLƒ“ƒOiÏÏjwŽ©—R‚Ö‚Ì‘å‚¢‚È‚é•à‚Ý[”ñ–\—Í‚Å“¬‚Á‚½•l‚½‚¿xiŠâ”gV‘A1959”NjA78•Å; Martin Luther King, Jr., Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (Harper & Brothers, 1958), p.69.
[2] ‚±‚ÌŽž‘ã‹K’è‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ă͈ȉº‚ðŽQÆBC. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1954), pp.9-11; Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks, the Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue: The Depression Decade (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), p.58. ‚Ü‚½Œö–¯Œ ‰^“®Œ¤‹†‚Ì‘¤‚©‚çA1930”N‘ã‚̕ω»‚ðd—vŽ‹‚·‚錩‰ð‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍAˆÈ‰º‚ðŽQÆB Jack M. Bloom, Class, Race and the Civil Rights Movement (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), pp.69-71, p.128; Michael K. Honey, Southern Labor and Black Civil Rights: Organizing Memphis Workers (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993), pp.245-278; Earl Lewis, In Their Own Interests: Race, Class, Power in Twentieth-Century Norfolk, Virginia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp.167-198. 1970”N‘ãˆÈŒã‚ÌŒö–¯Œ ‰^“®ŽjŒ¤‹†‚Ì“®Œü‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ă͈ȉº‚ðŽQÆBSteven L. Lawson, "Freedom The, Freedom Now: The Historiography of the Civil Rights Movement," American Historical Review 96 (April, 1991); 456-471.
[3] ‚±‚ÌŒ¾—t‚͈ȉº‚̉^“®“–Ž–ŽÒ‚Ƃ̃Cƒ“ƒ^ƒrƒ…[‚ðW‚ß‚½–{‚̃^ƒCƒgƒ‹‚É‚Ü‚Å‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éBHowell Raines, My Soul Is Rested: The Story of the Civil Rights Movement in the Deep South (New York: Penguin, 1977)@‚Ü‚½ƒwƒCƒ}[‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ă͈ȉº‚ðŽQÆBKay Mills, This Littele Light of Mine: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer (New York: Plume, 1993).
[4] ‚±‚±‚Å–{e‚Å—p‚¢‚é—pŒêAuŒö–¯Œ ‰^“®vu•lv‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Äà–¾‚µ‚Ä‚¨‚«‚½‚¢B¡“ú‚̃AƒƒŠƒJŽÐ‰ï‚Å‚ÍAŒö–¯Œ ‰^“®civil rights movement‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œ¾—t‚ÍA•lƒQƒbƒg[‚̶ŠˆŠÂ‹«‚̉ü‘P—v‹‚̂悤‚ÈŒµ–§‚É‚Ícivil rights‚Æ‚ÍŒ¾‚¦‚È‚¢‚à‚Ì‚ðÅ“_‚Æ‚µ‚½‰^“®‚ɑ΂µ‚Ä‚à—p‚¢‚ç‚ê‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚ ‚èA•l‚ªŠÖŒW‚µ‚½‰^“®‚ðL‚ŽwŽ¦‚·‚錾—t‚Æ‚È‚è‚‚‚ ‚éB‚µ‚©‚µ‚È‚ª‚çA‚±‚ÌŒ¾—t‚ª•l‚̎ЉïEŽ¡‰^“®ˆê”Ê‚ðŽw‚·‚à‚Ì‚Æ‚µ‚ÄlŒû‚ÉäYàt‚µŽn‚ß‚é‚悤‚É‚È‚Á‚½‚Ì‚ÍA1948”N‚Ƀgƒ‹[ƒ}ƒ“‘å“—Ì‚ª”C–½‚µ‚½Œö–¯Œ –â‘è“Á•ÊŽ–âˆÏˆõ‰ï‚ª•ñ‘To Secure These Rights‚ð’ño‚µ‚ĈȌã‚Ì‚±‚Æ‚Å‚ ‚éB‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA–{e‚ªŽæ‚舵‚¤Žž‘ã‚É‚ÍA‚©‚©‚錾—t‚͈ê”Ê“I‚È•\Œ»‚Å‚Í‚È‚A‰^“®‚Ì“–Ž–ŽÒ‚à‚±‚ÌŒ¾—t‚ð—p‚¢‚Ä‚Í‚¢‚È‚¢B‚»‚±‚ÅA•\‘è‚Å‚ÍŒã‚̉^“®‚Ì“WŠJ‚𓥂܂¦uŒö–¯Œ ‰^“®v‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œ¾—t‚ð—p‚¢‚½‚ªA‹c˜_‚Ì’†‚Å‚ÍL‚u•l‰^“®vA‚à‚µ‚‚Íu•l‚̉^“®v‚Æ‚¢‚¤—pŒê‚ðŽg—p‚·‚邱‚Æ‚É‚µ‚½B‚Ü‚½Au•lv‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Äq‚ׂê‚ÎAŒ»Ý‚̃AƒƒŠƒJ‚Å‚ÍAuƒAƒtƒŠƒJŒnƒAƒƒŠƒJl(African American)v‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œ¾—t‚ð—p‚¢‚é‚Ì‚ªˆê”ʉ»‚µ‚‚‚ ‚éB‚Æ‚±‚낪AݕẲp—̼ƒCƒ“ƒh‚Ì•l‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚é˜_l‚ðŠÜ‚Þ–{e‚ÍAAfrican American‚Æ‚¢‚¤—pŒê‚ðŽg—p‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚È‚¢B‚µ‚©‚µ‚»‚̈ê•û‚ÅA“–Žž‚̃AƒƒŠƒJŽÐ‰ï‚Å‚ÍA¼ƒCƒ“ƒhŒn‚ƃAƒtƒŠƒJŒnƒAƒƒŠƒJl‚Æ‚ª•†‚ÌF‚䂦‚Ɉê‚‚ÌW’c‚ðŒ`¬‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½‚Ì‚Í–¾”’‚ÈŽ–ŽÀ‚Å‚ ‚éB‚»‚êŒÌA‚±‚ÌW’c‚ðL‚ŽwŽ¦‚·‚é—pŒê‚Æ‚µ‚Ä–{e‚Íu•lv‚Æ‚¢‚¤—pŒê‚ðŽg—p‚·‚邱‚Æ‚É‚µ‚½B‚È‚¨AŒ»Ý‚̃AƒƒŠƒJ‚Å‚àAu•l(black)v‚Æ‚¢‚¤•\Œ»‚ÍAƒAƒtƒŠƒJŒnƒAƒƒŠƒJl‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄL‚—p‚¢‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚èA•Ž•Ì“I‚ȈӖ¡‚ ‚¢‚ÍŠÜ‚Ü‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢B‚Ü‚½1920”N‘ã‘OŒã‚Ì•l’mŽ¯l‚ÍA‚»‚ê‚Ü‚Å‚Ìcolored‚Æ‚¢‚¤•\Œ»‚ðŒ™‚¢AŽ©‚ç‚Ì‚±‚Æ‚ðáàœ”‚ðž‚ß‚ÄNegro‚Æ•\Œ»‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½B‚±‚ÌŒ¾—t‚Í1960”N‘ã‚É‚ÍA•Ž•Ì“I‚ÈŒ¾—t‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‹‘”Û‚³‚ꂽ‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚èAŒ»Ý‚Å‚Í–¾‚ç‚©‚É•ÌÌ‚Æ‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚µ‚©‚µA–{e‚Å‚ÍA“–Žž‚±‚ÌŒ¾—t‚ðŒê‚Á‚½ŽÒ‚̈Ó}‚ð‘¸d‚µA“Á‚ÉlŽíŽå‹`“I‚Ȋ܈ӂðŽ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢ê‡Ablack‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡‚ɉðŽß‚µAu•lv‚Æ–óo‚µ‚½B
[5] ŒÂX‚Ì·•Ê‚ÌŽ–—á‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ă͈ȉº‚ðŽQÆBWilliam Anderson, "The New Deal for Share Croppers," Nation 115 (February 13, 1935), pp.141-142; John P. Davis, "A Black Inventory of the New Deal," Crisis 42 (May, 1935), pp.141-42, pp.154-155; John P. Davis, "What Price National Recovery," Crisis 40 (May, 1935), pp.271-272; John P. Davis, "NRA Codifies Wage Slavery," Crisis 41 (October, 1934), pp.298-299, p.304; George Edmund Haynes, "Lily White Social Security," Crisis 42 (March, 1935), pp.85-86; Jesse O. Thomas, "Negro Workers and Organized Labor," Opportunity 12 (September, 1934), p.278; Robert C. Weaver, "A Wage Differential Based on Race," Crisis 41 (August, 1934), pp.236-237; Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks, pp.53-57; Harvard Sitkoff, "The New Deal and Race Relations," in Fifty Years Later: The New Deal Evaluated, ed. Harvard Sitkoff (New York: McGraw Hill, 1985), p.93; Raymond Wolters, Negroes and the Great Depression: The Problem of Economic Recovery (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1970), pp.3-39, pp.83-193; Raymond Wolters, "The New Deal and the Negro," The Great Depression and the New Deal, vol.6: Women and Minority During the Great Depression, eds. Melvyn Dubofsky and Stephen Burwood (New York: Garland Publishing, 1990), pp.14-61.
[6] Robert C. Weaver, "The New Deal and the Negro: A Look at the Facts," Opportunity 13 (July, 1935), pp.200-202; "A Strategy for Negro Labor," Opportunity 11 (April, 1934), pp.103-104; Charles Houston and John P. Davis, "TVA: Lily White Reconstruction," Crisis 41 (October, 1934), pp.290-291, p.311.‚È‚¨ƒfƒCƒ”ƒBƒX‚ƃqƒ…[ƒXƒgƒ“‚Ì‹LŽ–‚ł͈ȉº‚̂悤‚ÈŽå’£‚ªŒ©‚ç‚ê‚éB
@‚à‚µ•l‚ª‚s‚u‚`‚Å‚Ì·•Ê‚ð”j‰ó‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«A‚±‚Ì’nˆæ‚̎ЉïEŒoÏŠJ”‚ÅDDD•l‚ª[•ª‚ȃVƒFƒA‚ðŠl“¾‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚é‚È‚ç‚ÎA”Þ‚çi•lj‚Í‘å‚«‚‘Oi‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚é‚Å‚ ‚낤B(p.311)i–T“_A•MŽÒj
@‚Ü‚½NAACP‚ªNRA‹K–ñ‚ÉŠÖ‚µA‹K–ñŽ©‘̂̔ᔻ‚Å‚Í‚È‚A·•Ê‹ÖŽ~‚ð‹‚ß‚é•ûŒü‚ðÌ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚邱‚Æ‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ă͈ȉº‚ðŽQÆBMinutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors, February 14, 1933; July 10, 1933; September 12, 1933, Papers of the NAACP Part I, 1909-1950: Meeting of the Board of Directors, Records of Annual Conferences, Major Speeches, and Special Reports (Frederick, Md.: University Publication of America, 1982), Reel #2. (hereafter cited as NAACPP).
[7] Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks, pp.47-48; Nancy J. Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), pp.67-65; Wolters, Negroes and the Great Depression, pp.110-111.
[8] ‚±‚ÌŽv‘z‚ð‘ã•\‚·‚él•¨‚ª‚vE‚dE‚aEƒfƒ…ƒ{ƒCƒX(W. E. B. Du Bois)‚Å‚ ‚éBˆÈ‰º‚ðŽQÆBJohn Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans, enlarged 7th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994), p.274.
[9] ƒn[ƒŒƒ€Eƒ‹ƒlƒTƒ“ƒX‚É‚¨‚¯‚éNAACPANUL‚Ì–ðŠ„‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ă͈ȉº‚ðŽQÆBDavid Levering Lewis, When Harlem Was in Vogue (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), pp.48-49.
[10] —Ⴆ‚ÎA“–Žž‚Ì“à–±’·Š¯ƒnƒƒ‹ƒhEƒCƒbƒL[ƒY(Harold Ickes)‚ª‰ï’·‚𖱂߂Ă¢‚½‚±‚Æ‚à‚ ‚éƒVƒJƒS‚ÌNAACP‚ÌŠˆ“®‚ÍAƒuƒŠƒbƒWEƒNƒ‰ƒu‚âƒtƒ‰ƒ^ƒjƒeƒB‚È‚Ç‚ÌŽÐŒð’c‘̂̉„’·üã‚É‘¶Ý‚µA‹É‚ß‚Ä’†ŽYŠK‹‰“IFÊ‚Ì‹‚¢‚à‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½B Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, pp.526-563.
[11] Charles S. Johnson, "The New Frontier of Negro Labor," Opportunity 10 (June, 1932), pp.168-73.
[12] Lester B. Granger, "Step-Children of the Depression," Opportunity 10 (July, 1934), p.219.
[13] ƒXƒRƒbƒcƒ{ƒŽ–Œ‹y‚Ñ‹¤ŽY“}‚Ì•lƒRƒ~ƒ…ƒjƒeƒBZ“§‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ă͈ȉº‚ðŽQÆBDan T.Carter, Scottsboro: A Tragedy of the American South, revised ed. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979); James Goodman, Stories of Scottsboro (New York: Pantheon, 1994); Robin D. G. Kelley, Hammer and Hoe: Alabama Communists During the Great Depression (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), pp.84-89; Mark Naison, Communists in Harlem during the Depression (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), pp.115-125; Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, pp.734-736.
[14] Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors, May 9, 1932; Report of the Executive Secretary, August 15, 1932; Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors, March 14, 1932, NAACPP, Reel #2.
[15] W. E. B. Du Bois, "Youth and Age at Amenia," Crisis 40 (October, 1933), p.226.
[16] Ibid., p.227.@˜J“‘g‡‚ÌlŽí·•Ê‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ă͈ȉº‚ðŽQÆB Philip S. Foner, Organized Labor and the Black Worker, 1619-1981, 2nd ed. (New York: International Publishers, 1981).
[17] W. E. B. Du Bois, "Segregation," Crisis 41 (January, 1934), p.20; W. E. B. Du Bois, "Free Forum: The N.A.A.C.P. and Race Segregation," Crisis 41 (February, 1934), pp.52-53.@‚È‚¨A–{e‚Å‚ÍAsegregation‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍuŠu—£vAseparation‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ä‚Íu•ª—£v‚Æ‚¢‚¤–óŒê‚ðˆê—¥‚µ‚Ä—p‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚éB
[18] Ibid., p.116.
[19] Abram L. Harris to W. E. B. Du Bois, January 6, 1936, in The Correspondence of W. E. B. Du Bois, vol.I: Selections 1877-1934, ed., Herbert Aptheker (Amherst: Massachusetts University Press, 1973), pp.472-473; B. Joyce Ross, Joel Spingarn and the Rise of the NAACP, 1911-1937 (New York: Athenaeum, 1972), p.195.‚È‚¨ƒGƒCƒuƒ‰ƒ€EƒnƒŠƒX‚ÍA“–Žžƒnƒ[ƒh‘åŠw‚ÌŒoÏŠw‹³Žö‚Å‚ ‚èA˜J“‘g‡‚É‚æ‚élŽí·•Ê‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚éæ‹ì“IŒ¤‹†ŽÒ‚̈êl‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½BˆÈ‰º‚ðŽQÆBSterling D. Spero and Abram Harris, The Black Worker: The Negro and the Labor Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1931).
[20] Walter F. White, "Comments on Segregation," Crisis 41 (March, 1934), pp.80-82.
[21] W. E. B. Du Bois, "Segregation in the North," Crisis 41 (April, 1934), pp.115-116.
[22] Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors, September 8, 1930; December 12, 1932, NAACPP, Reel #2; W. E. B. Du Bois, "Segregation in the North," p.115; W. E. B. Du Bois, The Autobiography of W. E. B. Du Bois: A Soliloquy on Viewing My Life from the last Decade of Its First Century (New York: International Publishers, 1968), pp.294-298.
[23] Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors," April 9, May 13, June 11, July 9, 1934, NAACPP, Reel #2; Ross, Joel Spingarn and the Rise of the NAACP, pp.187-210.
[24] Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors," September 10, 1934, NAACPP, Reel #2.
[25] Report of Committee on Future Plan and Program of the NAACP, 1935, NAACPP, Reel #9.
[26] Minutes of the Special Meeting of the Board of Directors, November, 24, 1934, NAACPP, Reel #2.
[27] Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors, February 11, 1935; June 10, 1935, NAACPP, Reel #2.
[28] Jervis Anderson, A. Randolph: A Biographical Portrait (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972); Paula F. Pfeffer, A. Philip Randolph: Pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement (Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 1990); Herbert Gerfinkel, When Negroes March: The March on Washington Movement in the Organizational Politics (New York: Anthneum, 1969); Theodore Kornweibel, Jr., No Crystal Stair: Black Life and the Messenger, 1917-1923 (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1975); William H. Harris, Keeping the Faith: A Philip Randolph, Milton P. Webster, and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 1925-1937 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977).
[29] Mark Ellis, "'Closing Ranks' and 'Seeking Honors': W. E. B. Du Bois in World War I," Journal of American History 79 (June, 1992), pp.110-113; A. Philip Randolph, gWho Shall Pay for the War,h Messenger 1 (November, 1917), p.31; Anderson, A. Philip Randolph, pp.106-109; Kornweibel, Jr., No Crystal Stair, pp.33-34.
[30] ‚±‚̃K[ƒ”ƒBŽå‹`ŽÒ‚ÆuƒƒbƒZƒ“ƒWƒƒ[Eƒ‰ƒfƒBƒJƒ‹v‚Æ‚ÌŠÖŒW‚ɂ‚¢‚Ă͈ȉº‚Ì’˜‘‚ªÚ‚µ‚¢BJudith Stein, The World of Marcus Garvey: Race and Class in Modern Society (Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 1986), Chapter 3.
[31] Captain John B. Trevor to General Marlbourough, April 5, 1919, in The Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, vol.1, 1916-August, 1919 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), p.401; Stein, The World of Marcus Garvey, pp.46-59.
[32] E. David Cronon, Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1955), pp.8-9.
[33] A. Philip Randolph, "Du Bois Fails as a Theorist," Messenger 2 (December, 1919), p.7.
[34] 1920”N‘ãA•llŒû‚Ì‘å‹K–͂ȈÚZ‚ðŒo‚½Œã‚Ì–k•”“sŽs‚Å‚ÍA•l“ÆŽ©‚ÌŒoÏŒ—AŠˆàuƒuƒ‰ƒbƒNEƒƒgƒƒ|ƒŠƒXv‚ð‚‚‚蓾‚é‚Æ‚µ‚½Žv‘z‚ªAlŒû‘‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä‹»—²‚µ‚½•l’†ŽYŠK‹‰EŽÀ‹Æ‰Æ‚ÌŠÔ‚ÅL”Í‚ÈŽxŽ‚𓾂Ă¢‚½BˆÈ‰º‚ðŽQÆB@Joe William Trotter, Jr., Black Milwaukee: The Making of an Industrial Proletariat, 1915-1945 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), chapter 3; Kenneth L. Kusmer, A Ghetto Takes Shape: Black Cleveland, 1870-1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976), chapters 9, 10, and 11; Allan H. Spear, Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890-1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), chapters 3 and 4; Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, especially pp.77-97.
[35] ƒvƒ‹ƒ}ƒ“ŽÐ‚Ì—ðŽj‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ă͈ȉº‚ðŽQÆBStanley Budder, Pullman: An Experiment in Industrial Order and Community Planning, 1880-1930 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967).
[36] Spero and Harris, The Black Worker, p.285.
[37] Anderson, A. Philip Randolph, pp.158-159.
[38] A. Philip Randolph, "The Pullman Company and the Pullman Porter," Messenger 12 (September, 1925), p.336.
[39] •l‚̃XƒeƒŒƒIƒ^ƒCƒv‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ă͈ȉº‚ðŽQÆBGeorge M. Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914 (Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press, 1971); Joseph Boskin, Sambo: The Rise & Demise of an American Jester (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Stanley M. Elkins, Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959), pp.81-83.
[40] ‚È‚¨Aƒ‚ƒ“ƒgƒSƒƒŠ[EƒoƒXEƒ{ƒCƒRƒbƒg‚ÌÛ‚ÉAƒ[ƒUEƒp[ƒNƒX‘ߕߌシ‚®‚³‚ÜR‹c‰^“®‚ð‘gD‚µ‚½‚Ì‚ªABSCPƒ‚ƒ“ƒgƒSƒƒŠ[Žx•”’·‚щƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚Ì”M—ó‚ÈŽxŽŽÒ‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½‚dE‚cEƒjƒNƒ\ƒ“(E. D. Nixon)‚Å‚ ‚éBÚׂÍAKing, Stride Toward Freedom, pp.44-46, pp.55-57 ; Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-1963 (New York: Touchstone, 1989), pp.128-138.
[41] American Federation of Labor, Report of the Proceedings of the Fifty-fourth Annual Convention of the American Federation of Labor (Washington, D.C.: Judd & Detweiler), p.707.@‚È‚¨A‹ß”N‚Ì•lŽÐ‰ïŽjŒ¤‹†‚ÍA]‘®‚µ‚½’nˆÊ‚É’u‚©‚ê‚邱‚Æ‚ðˆÓ–¡‚µ‚È‚¢ŒÀ‚èA‚±‚Ì‚Æ‚«‚̃‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚ÌŒˆ’f‚Æ“¯‚¶‚lŽíŠu—£‚³‚ꂽ‘g‡E‘gD‚ð•l˜J“ŽÒŽ©‚炪‘I‘ð‚µ‚½‚±‚Ƃ𖾂炩‚É‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éBÚׂ͈ȉº‚ðŽQÆB@James R. Grossman, Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), p.8; Robin D. G. Kelley, "'We Are Not What We Seem': Rethinking Black Working-class Opposition in the Jim Crow South," Journal of American History 80 (June, 1993 ), p.97.@‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAlŽíŠu—£‚ð•ïŠ‡“I‚É”½‘΂µ‚Ä‚¢‚‚±‚Æ‚ðŒˆ’è‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½NAACP‚Æ”äŠr‚·‚é‚È‚ç‚ÎAƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒt‚Ì—§ê‚ÍA•l˜J“ŽÒ‚̈ê”ÊŠ´î‚É‚æ‚è‹ß‚µ‚©‚Á‚½‚Æ•]‰¿‚Å‚«‚é‚Å‚ ‚낤
[42] Walter Galenson, CIO Challenge to AFL: A History of American Labor Movement, 1935-1941 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960), pp.267-268.
[43] American Federation of Labor, Report of the Proceedings of the Fifty-fourth Annual Convention of the American Federation of Labor (Washington, D.C.: Judd & Detweiler, 1934), pp.254-255.
[44] Foner, Organized Labor and the Black Worker, p.206; Harris, Keeping the Faith, pp.192-193.
[45] Herbert Aptheker, ed., A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States, vol.4: From the New Deal to the End of World War (New York: Citadel Press, 1974), p.211; John P. Davis, "A Black Inventory of the New Deal," Crisis 42 (May, 1935), p.155; "A Strategy for Negro Labor," Opportunity 12 (April, 1934), p.102; Richard Wright, "Two Million Back Voices," New Masses 18 (February 25, 1936), p.15; Wolters, Negroes and the Great Depression, p.362; Lawrence S. Wittner, "The National Negro Labor Congress: A Reassessment," American Quarterly 12 (Winter, 1970), p.884. ‚È‚¨]—ˆNNC‚Í‹¤ŽYŽå‹`ƒtƒƒ“ƒg‚ƉðŽß‚³‚ê‚Ä‚«‚Ä‚¢‚½B‚µ‚©‚µAWittner‚̘_•¶‚ªŽw“E‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚悤‚ÉAƒAƒƒŠƒJ‹¤ŽY“}ˆõ‚ªNNC‚Ì’†‚ÅÅ‘å”h”´‚Æ‚È‚é‚Ì‚ÍNNC‚ª‘gD‚Æ‚µ‚Ẳe‹¿—Í‚ðŽÀŽ¿ãŽ¸‚¢Žn‚ß‚½1940”NˆÈŒã‚Ì‚±‚Æ‚Å‚ ‚èANNC‚ð‹¤ŽY“}ƒtƒƒ“ƒg‚Æ‚·‚é‰ðŽß‚ªC³‚ð‹‚ß‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Ì‚Í–¾‚ç‚©‚Å‚ ‚éB
[46] A. Philip Randolph, "Keynote Address," Official Proceedings of the National Negro Congress, (Washington, D.C., 1936), pp.7-12, reprinted in A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States, vol.3: From New Deal to the End of World War, ed. Herbert Aptheker (New York: Citadel Press, 1973), pp.218-219.
[47] AFL‚ÆCIO‚Ì‹£‡ŠÖŒW‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ă͈ȉº‚ðŽQÆBChristopher L. Tomlins, "AFL Unions in the 1930s: Their Performance in Historical Perspective," Journal of American History 65 (March, 1979): 1021-1042.
[48] Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors, December 9, 1935; January 6, 1936, NAACPP, Reel #2.
[49] "Proceedings of the Second Annual Meeting of the National Negro Congress," p.263.
[50] Wolters, Negroes and the Great Depression, p.366.
[51] Roy Wilkins to Charles Houston, February 15, 1936, NAACPP, Reel #27.
[52] Wolters, Negroes and the Great Depression, p.367.
[53] Wolters, Negroes and the Great Depression, pp.362-363; Wittner, "The National Negro Labor Congress," p.899.
[54] A. Philip Randolph, "A. Philip Randolph Tells Why I Would Not Stand for Re-election as President of the National Negro Congress," American Federationist 47 (July, 1940), pp.24-25.
[55] Œ‹¬“–‰A•lŽ©g‚É‚æ‚é‘gDŒšÝ‚ð–Ú“I‚Æ‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚ÄAƒ‰ƒ“ƒhƒ‹ƒtAƒfƒCƒ”ƒBƒX‚Ì”FŽ¯‚ÌŠÔ‚É‘Šˆá‚Í‚È‚¢BOfficial Proceedings of the National Negro Congress, p.212, pp.218-219. ‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ăfƒCƒ”ƒBƒX‚Ì‘I‘ð‚ÍA‚È‚¨‚³‚ç•K—v‚É”—‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚Ì‚±‚Æ‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½‚ÆŒ¾‚¦‚éB
[56] ‚±‚̂悤‚ÈŽž‘ã‰ðŽß‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ă͈ȉº‚ðŽQÆBJohn Higham, "Multiculturalism @and Universalism: A History and Critique," American Quarterly 45 (June, 1993), pp.105-214. ‚Ü‚½ACIO‚ÌuˆÌ‹Æv‚ÉŠÒŒ³‚¹‚¸AlŽíEƒGƒXƒjƒbƒNEƒRƒ~ƒ…ƒjƒeƒB‚Ì1920”N‘ã‚Ì•¶‰»“I•Ï‰»‚ª‹t‚ÉCIO‚Ì‹»—²‚𑣂µ‚½‚Æ‚·‚éˆÈ‰º‚̎ЉïŽjE•¶‰»Žj‚ÌŒ¤‹†‚àAŠK‹‰“I‰^“®‚ªlŽí‚ð‚ÌáŠV‚ð‰z‚¦‚½‚Æ‚·‚éŠî–{“IŽž‘ã”FŽ¯‚Í•Ï‚í‚ç‚È‚¢BLizabeth @Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp.164-165.
[57] ‚±‚Ì‘æ‚QŽŸ¢ŠE‘åí’†‚̉^“®A˜A‡\’z‚̬Œ÷‚Æ‚»‚Ì–â‘è“_‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ä‚ÍAÙeu•lŽv’ª‚̕ω»‚ÆŒö–¯Œ ˜A‡‚Ì\’zi‚Qj`ˆ¤‘“IR‹c‚Æ‚µ‚ẴƒVƒ“ƒgƒ“‘åsiA1942”Nvw’nˆæ•¶‰»Œ¤‹†x‘æ11†iŽŸ†ŒfÚ—\’èj‚ðŽQÆB